25 research outputs found

    Pharmacogenetics of taxanes: identification and characterization of molecular mechanisms underlying toxicity and lack of response

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    Tesis doctoral inédita. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Molecular. Fecha de lectura: 15-02-201

    Molecular genetic heterogeneity in undifferentiated endometrial carcinomas

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    Undifferentiated and dedifferentiated endometrial carcinomas are rare and highly aggressive subtypes of uterine cancer, not well characterized at a molecular level. To investigate whether dedifferentiated carcinomas carry molecular genetic alterations similar to those of pure undifferentiated carcinomas, and to gain insight into the pathogenesis of these tumors, we selected a cohort of 18 undifferentiated endometrial carcinomas, 8 of them with a well-differentiated endometrioid carcinoma component (dedifferentiated endometrioid carcinomas), and studied them by immunohistochemistry and massive parallel and Sanger sequencing. Whole-exome sequencing of the endometrioid and undifferentiated components, as well as normal myometrium, was also carried out in one case. According to The Cancer Genome Atlas classification, we distributed 95% of the undifferentiated carcinomas in this series as follows: (a) hypermutated tumors with loss of any mismatch repair protein expression and microsatellite instability (eight cases, 45%); (b) ultramutated carcinomas carrying mutations in the exonuclease domain of POLE (two cases, 11%); (c) high copy number alterations (copy-number high) tumors group exhibiting only TP53 mutations and high number of alterations detected by FISH (two cases, 11%); and (d) low copy number alterations (copy-number low) tumors with molecular alterations typical of endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (five cases, 28%). Two of the latter cases, however, also had TP53 mutations and higher number of alterations detected by FISH and could have progressed to a copy-number high phenotype. Most dedifferentiated carcinomas belonged to the hypermutated group, whereas pure undifferentiated carcinomas shared molecular genetic alterations with copy-number low or copy-number high tumors. These results indicate that undifferentiated and dedifferentiated endometrial carcinomas are molecularly heterogeneous tumors, which may have prognostic value

    Digitaalisten palvelujen vaikutukset sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollossa

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    Selvityksen tavoitteena oli luoda ajantasainen kuva digipalvelujen vaikutuksista sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollossa eri toimijoiden näkökulmista. Digipalveluja hyödynnetään etenkin terveydenhuollossa, erityisesti avosairaanhoidossa asiakaspolun eri vaiheissa. Myös kotihoidossa digipalveluita hyödynnetään runsaasti. Muissa sosiaalihuollon palveluissa digipalveluja havaittiin vähemmän, erityisesti vammais- ja hoivapalveluissa. Sosiaalihuollon digipalvelut ovat myös enemmän pistemäisiä; sähköisiä hakemuksia ja lomakkeita. Digipalvelujen käyttäjät ovat pääosin tyytyväisiä palveluihin. Asiakkaille kriittistä on digipalvelujen saavutettavuus ja integraatio, etenkin jos henkilöllä on useita pitkäaikaisia sairauksia, vammoja tai toiminnanvajausta. Ammattilaisten kokemukset digipalveluista ovat osin positiivisia, mutta huolia työmäärän lisääntymisestä esiintyy. Käyttöönotoissa tulisi tehdä enemmän työtä digipalvelujen viimekätisten hyötyjen ja vaikutusten saavuttamiseksi. Palvelujärjestelmän johto kokee, että digipalvelujen vaikutusten ja vaikuttavuuden arviointia tulisi lisätä, mutta mittaaminen on haasteellista. Yksi ratkaisu on sitoa mittaaminen voimakkaammin tavoitteisiin, mikä edellyttäisi selkeämpää tavoiteasetantaa. Digipalvelujen vaikuttavuus ei juurikaan näy lainsäädännössä, ja lainsäädännössä on useita kehittämistarpeita. Lain tulkinnat aiheuttavat haasteita digipalvelujen käytölle.Tämä julkaisu on toteutettu osana valtioneuvoston selvitys- ja tutkimussuunnitelman toimeenpanoa. (tietokayttoon.fi) Julkaisun sisällöstä vastaavat tiedon tuottajat, eikä tekstisisältö välttämättä edusta valtioneuvoston näkemystä

    The Variant rs1867277 in FOXE1 Gene Confers Thyroid Cancer Susceptibility through the Recruitment of USF1/USF2 Transcription Factors

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    In order to identify genetic factors related to thyroid cancer susceptibility, we adopted a candidate gene approach. We studied tag- and putative functional SNPs in genes involved in thyroid cell differentiation and proliferation, and in genes found to be differentially expressed in thyroid carcinoma. A total of 768 SNPs in 97 genes were genotyped in a Spanish series of 615 cases and 525 controls, the former comprising the largest collection of patients with this pathology from a single population studied to date. SNPs in an LD block spanning the entire FOXE1 gene showed the strongest evidence of association with papillary thyroid carcinoma susceptibility. This association was validated in a second stage of the study that included an independent Italian series of 482 patients and 532 controls. The strongest association results were observed for rs1867277 (OR[per-allele] = 1.49; 95%CI = 1.30–1.70; P = 5.9×10−9). Functional assays of rs1867277 (NM_004473.3:c.−283G>A) within the FOXE1 5′ UTR suggested that this variant affects FOXE1 transcription. DNA-binding assays demonstrated that, exclusively, the sequence containing the A allele recruited the USF1/USF2 transcription factors, while both alleles formed a complex in which DREAM/CREB/αCREM participated. Transfection studies showed an allele-dependent transcriptional regulation of FOXE1. We propose a FOXE1 regulation model dependent on the rs1867277 genotype, indicating that this SNP is a causal variant in thyroid cancer susceptibility. Our results constitute the first functional explanation for an association identified by a GWAS and thereby elucidate a mechanism of thyroid cancer susceptibility. They also attest to the efficacy of candidate gene approaches in the GWAS era

    Mitä sairaanhoitajan tulisi tietää farmakogenetiikasta? Uutta osaamista blogitekstin kautta

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    Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli tuottaa blogiteksti farmakogenetiikkaan liittyen. Tavoitteena oli lisätä sairaanhoitajien tietoa farmakogenetiikasta. Blogitekstistä kerättiin palautetta hoitotyön ammattilaisilta. Farmakogenetiikan avulla pyritään selvittämään yksilön geenien merkitys lääkkeiden aineenvaihdunnalle, toiminnalle ja sivuvaikutuksille. Hyvin pienet erot geeneissä voivat aiheuttaa merkittäviä eroja lääkevasteessa. Suurin osa tunnetuista geenimuutoksista liittyy farmakokinetiikkaan, sillä näissä geeneissä on runsaasti eroja yksilöiden välillä ja niissä esiintyy myös keskimääräistä enemmän vaihtelua. Sen sijaan lääkkeiden toimintaan eli farmakodynamiikkaan liittyviä geenimuutoksia tunnetaan vähemmän. Lääkkeiden farmakokinetiikkaan vaikuttavat myös ihmisen muut ominaisuudet, kuten ikä ja sairaudet, sekä ympäristötekijät. Noin 20–30 % yksilöiden välisistä eroista johtuu geeneistä. Farmakogenetiikan pyrkimyksenä on tarjota potilaille mahdollisuus yksilölliseen hoitoon: tarjota lääkkeitä vain niille potilaille, jotka niistä eniten hyötyvät ja välttää lääkkeiden antoa potilaille, joille lääkkeistä koituisi enemmän haittaa kuin hyötyä. Tieto farmakogenetiikan merkityksestä lisääntyy koko ajan. Tällä hetkellä suurin osa farmakogenetiikkaan liittyvistä ohjeista on suosituksia. Toisaalta monet yksityiset toimijat Suomessa tarjoavat jo farmakogeneettisiä testejä potilaille, joille on alkamassa esim. masennus- tai sydänlääkitys ja myös HUS diagnostiikalla on farmakogeneettinen testipaneeli tarjolla. Testin tekemisen lisäksi saadun tiedon oikea tulkinta on tärkeää. Lisäksi on syytä ottaa huomioon, että farmakogeneettinen tieto lisääntyy koko ajan, tänä päivänä tehdyt paneelit pätevät vain osaan tulevaisuuden lääkkeistä. Sairaanhoitajan on tärkeää ymmärtää, että muiden tekijöiden lisäksi myös potilaiden geeniperimä vaikuttaa lääkkeen vasteeseen. Kun potilas kertoo, ettei lääke tunnu toimivan tai että hänellä on runsaasti sivuvaikutuksia, tulisi sairaanhoitajan osata nostaa esille kysymys siitä, voiko potilaan perimällä olla vaikutusta lääkevasteeseen. Farmakogenetiikka muodostaa tulevaisuudessa merkittävän osan lääkehoidosta yksilöllisen lääketieteen kehittyessä. Tulevaisuudessa pystytään todennäköisesti selvittämään yhä useamman geenin yhtäaikainen vaikutus lääkkeen toimintaan.The purpose of this thesis was to produce a blog post on pharmacogenetics. The aim was to increase the nurse’s knowledge about pharmacogenetics. Feedback of the blog post has been requested from established nurses. The aim of pharmacogenetics is to clarify the importance of an individual’s genes to the metabolism, function, and side effects of drugs. Very small differences in the genes can cause relevant changes in drug response. Most of the known genetic variations are linked to pharmacokinetics, as these genes have abundant differences among individuals, and they also display more variation. While, up to date, fewer variants are known, which are associated pharmacodynamics. Pharmacokinetics is affected also by other individual features such as age and comorbidities as well environmental factors. Still about 20-30 % of the differences among individuals are due to genetic variation. The aspiration of pharmacogenetics is to achieve personalized medicine: offer drugs only to those patients, that most benefit of them and avoid medicating patients, who are in risk of more harm than benefit. The knowledge on the importance of pharmacogenetics is increasing. Now most pharmacological guides related to pharmacogenetics are recommendations. But then again, several private health care companies in Finland are already offering pharmacogenetic test panels for patients, which are going to begin a medication for depression or for cardiovascular disease, for instance. A pharmacogenetic panel is also available by the public health care in HUS diagnostics. In addition to testing, correct interpretation of the information is important. One should also be aware of that the information on pharmacogenetics is increasing all the time, and thus the test panels in use today will only cover for part of the drugs in the future. It is important for a nurse to understand that also the genetic inheritance affects drug response. When a patient says that a drug does not seem to work or that it is causing many side effects, the nurse should have enough knowledge to bring up the possibility of the patient’s genetic inheritance influencing drug response. Pharmacogenetics is going to play a major role in medication as personalized medicine progresses. We already know that several genes can have a simultaneous effect on drug response. In the future one can most likely assess the impact of even a larger number of genes simultaneously affecting the action of drugs

    Virtsarakkosyövän avohoito lisääntyi ja kustannusten kasvu tasoittui

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    Lähtökohdat :Tarkastelemme virtsarakkosyövän vuosittaisia diagnoosi- ja toimenpidemääriä sekä levinnyttä tautia sairastavien elossaoloa. Selvitämme myös potilaiden palvelunkäytön kustannuksia ja Kelan maksamia korvauksia. Menetelmät : Tämä retrospektiivinen tutkimus pohjautuu kansallisiin rekistereihin. Aineisto koostuu suomalaisista virtsarakkosyöpäpotilaista vuosilta 2011–2019. Heidät luokiteltiin kolmeen ryhmään: pinnallinen, paikallisesti edennyt ja levinnyt tauti. Tulokset : Avohoitokäyntien määrä erikoissairaanhoidossa lisääntyi. Palvelujen käytön kokonaiskustannukset vuonna 2019 olivat 17 % suuremmat kuin vuonna 2011. Hoidon kustannukset kasvoivat vuosina 2015–2018 vain 2 %, vaikka hoidossa olevien määrä kasvoi samaan aikaan noin 10 %. Keskimääräinen kustannus potilasta kohden pieneni pinnallista ja paikallisesti edennyttä syöpää sairastavilla potilailla, mutta kasvoi levinnyttä syöpää sairastavilla. Päätelmät : Rakkosyöpäpotilaiden hoito noudattaa yleistä suuntausta, eli avohoito on lisääntynyt merkittävästi. Resurssien käyttöä, kustannuksia ja hoidon vaikutuksia tulee seurata, jotta voidaan valita vaikuttava hoito.Peer reviewe

    Genome-wide association study identifies ephrin type A receptors implicated in paclitaxel induced peripheral sensory neuropathy.

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    BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropathy is the dose limiting toxicity of paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic drug widely used to treat solid tumours. This toxicity exhibits great inter-individual variability of unknown origin. The present study aimed to identify genetic variants associated with paclitaxel induced neuropathy via a whole genome approach. METHODS A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in 144 white European patients uniformly treated with paclitaxel/carboplatin and for whom detailed data on neuropathy was available. Per allele single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations were assessed by Cox regression, modelling the cumulative dose of paclitaxel up to the development of grade 2 sensory neuropathy. RESULTS The strongest evidence of association was observed for the ephrin type A receptor 4 (EPHA4) locus (rs17348202, p=1.0×10(-6)), and EPHA6 and EPHA5 were among the top 25 and 50 hits (rs301927, p=3.4×10(-5) and rs1159057, p=6.8×10(-5)), respectively. A meta-analysis of EPHA5-rs7349683, the top marker for paclitaxel induced neuropathy in a previous GWAS (r(2)=0.79 with rs1159057), gave a hazard ratio (HR) estimate of 1.68 (p=1.4×10(-9)). Meta-analysis of the second hit of this GWAS, XKR4-rs4737264, gave a HR of 1.71 (p=3.1×10(-8)). Imputed SNPs at LIMK2 locus were also strongly associated with this toxicity (HR=2.78, p=2.0×10(-7)). CONCLUSIONS This study provides independent support of EPHA5-rs7349683 and XKR4-rs4737264 as the first markers of risk of paclitaxel induced neuropathy. In addition, it suggests that other EPHA genes also involved in axonal guidance and repair following neural injury, as well as LIMK2 locus, may play an important role in the development of this toxicity. The identified SNPs could form the basis for individualised paclitaxel chemotherapy.This work was supported by projects from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant numbers SAF2006-01139 and SAF2009-08307), the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competiveness (grant number SAF2012-35779), the Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Research Council, Fondkistan, Stiftelsen Sigurd och Elsa Goljes Minne and Markus Borgstroms stiftelse, and The Cancer Research Funds of Radiumhemmet. Luis Javier Leandro-Garcia was supported by a FIS fellowship (grant number FI08/00375).S

    Systemic metabolic signatures of oral diseases

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    Systemic metabolic signatures of oral diseases have been rarely investigated, and prospective studies do not exist. We analyzed whether signs of current or past infectious/inflammatory oral diseases are associated with circulating metabolites. Two study populations were included: the population-based Health-2000 (n = 6,229) and Parogene (n = 452), a cohort of patients with an indication to coronary angiography. Health-2000 participants (n = 4,116) provided follow-up serum samples 11 y after the baseline. Serum concentrations of 157 metabolites were determined with a nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy-based method. The associations between oral parameters and metabolite concentrations were analyzed using linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, number of teeth, smoking, presence of diabetes, and education (in Health-2000 only). The number of decayed teeth presented positive associations with low-density lipoprotein diameter and the concentrations of pyruvate and citrate. Negative associations were found between caries and the unsaturation degree of fatty acids (FA) and relative proportions of docosahexaenoic and omega-3 FAs. The number of root canal fillings was positively associated with very low-density lipoprotein parameters, such as diameter, cholesterol, triglycerides, and number of particles. Deepened periodontal pockets were positively associated with concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, pyruvate, leucine, valine, phenylalanine, and glycoprotein acetyls and negatively associated with high-density lipoprotein (HDL) diameter, FA unsaturation degree, and relative proportions of omega-6 and polyunsaturated FAs. Bleeding on probing (BOP) was associated with increased concentrations of triglycerides and glycoprotein acetyls, as well as decreased proportions of omega-3 and omega-6 FAs. Caries at baseline predicted alterations in apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins and HDL-related metabolites in the follow-up, and both caries and BOP were associated with changes in HDL-related metabolites and omega-3 FAs in the follow-up. Signs of current or past infectious/inflammatory oral diseases, especially periodontitis, were associated with metabolic profiles typical for inflammation. Oral diseases may represent a modifiable risk factor for systemic chronic inflammation and thus cardiometabolic disorders.Peer reviewe

    Shotgun metagenomic analysis of the oral microbiome in gingivitis: a nested case-control study

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    Background: Gingivitis, i.e. inflammation of the gums, is often induced by dental plaque. However, its exact link to the oral microbiota remains unclear. Methods: In a case-control study involving 120 participants, comprising 60 cases and 60 controls (mean age (SD) 36.6 (7.6) years; 50% males), nested within a prospective multicentre cohort study, we examined the oral microbiome composition of gingivitis patients and their controls using shotgun metagenomic sequencing of saliva samples. Participants underwent clinical and radiographic oral health examinations, including bleeding on probing (BOP), at six tooth sites. BOP ≥33% was considered ‘generalized gingivitis/initial periodontitis’(GG/IP), and BOP<33% as ‘healthy and localized gingivitis’(H/LG). Results: GG/IP exhibited an increase in the abundance of Actinomyces, Porphyromonas, Aggregatibacter, Corynebacterium, Olsenella, and Treponema, whereas H/LG exhibited an increased abundance of Candidatus Nanosynbacter. Nineteen bacterial species and four microbial functional profiles, including L-methionine, glycogen, and inosine-5’-phosphate biosynthesis, were associated with GG/IP. Constructing models with multiple markers resulted in a strong predictive value for GG/IP, with an area under the curve (ROC) of 0.907 (95%CI: 0.848-0.966). Conclusion: We observed distinct differences in the oral microbiome between the GG/IP and H/LG groups, indicating similar yet unique microbial profiles and emphasizing their potential role in progression of periodontal diseases.Peer reviewe
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