74 research outputs found
Influencing factors on the performance in inequity aversion in dogs (Canis familiaris)
Bei Hunden wurde festgestellt, dass sie ungleiche Belohung vermeiden. Das heiĂt, sie verweigern einem Kommando zu gehorchen, wenn sie dafĂŒr keine Belohnung erhalten, wĂ€hrend ein anderer Hund fĂŒr dieselbe Aufgabe Futter erhĂ€lt. Interessanterweise zeigen Hunde in ihrem Verhalten eine gewisse VariabilitĂ€t. Das Ziel dieser Studie war herauszufinden, welche Faktoren Einfluss darauf haben, ob Hunde eine starke Ablehnung gegenĂŒber ungerechter Behandlung zeigen oder eher ungleiche Belohnung tolerieren. Zu diesem Zweck wurden, zusĂ€tzlich zu der Fragestellung bezĂŒglich Ungerechtigkeitsempfinden bei Hunden, ein Fragebogen von den Hundebesitzern ausgefĂŒllt sowie 4 unabhĂ€ngige Experimente durchgefĂŒhrt, die Aufschluss ĂŒber den Charakter der Hunde und deren soziale Beziehung geben sollten. Diese Resultate wurden zu den Reaktionen der Hunde in Bezug auf Ungerechtigkeit in Beziehung gesetzt.
22 Hunde nahmen an den Experimenten teil. Zuerst wurde die Reaktion der Hunde auf ungleiche Behandlung untersucht. Diese Aufgabe bestand aus 6 verschiedenen Versuchsbedingungen â bei 4 davon wurden sie mit einem Partner gestestet (sozial) und bei 2 davon alleine (nicht-sozial). Die Versuchsbedingungen mit Partner variierten in Art der Aufteilung der Belohnung, Arbeitsaufwand und Wertigkeit der Belohnung. Nach erfolgreicher Kooperation mit dem Versuchsleiter, durch Pfote geben auf Kommando, erhielten die Hunde entweder eine gleichwertige Futterbelohnung wie ihr Partner (Test auf Gleichheit), eine weniger bevorzugte Belohnung (Test auf QualitĂ€t), keine Belohnung im Gegensatz zu ihrem Partner (Test auf ungleiche Belohnung) oder hatten fĂŒr den Erhalt der Belohnung mit dem Versuchsleiter zu kooperieren, wĂ€hrend der Partner Futter bekam, ohne dafĂŒr zu arbeiten (Test auf Arbeitsaufwand). Unter jenen Versuchsbedingungen, in denen die Hunde alleine getestet wurden, wurden die Hunde zuerst fĂŒr ihre Arbeit belohnt (Bewertungsgrundlage) aber ab einem bestimmten Punkt erhielten sie keine Belohnung mehr, jedoch gab der Versuchsleiter vor, diese an einen imaginĂ€ren Partner zu geben (Kontrolle auf Bewegung des Futters).
Im ersten der weiteren Experimente wurde jeder Hund mit einem unbekannten Problem konfrontiert (ein Spielzeug, das manipuliert werden konnte und in dem FutterstĂŒcke versteckt waren). Um ihre Motivation zu beurteilen, wurde das Manipulationsverhalten aufgezeichnet. Im zweiten Experiment wurde untersucht, wie aufmerksam die Hunde ihrem Partner gegenĂŒber waren. Die Beziehung zwischen den Hunden, vor allem in Bezug auf Dominanz und Toleranz, wurden im dritten und vierten Experiment in einer Konkurrenzsituation um Futter bzw. Spielzeug untersucht.
Wir stellten fest, dass weder Rang noch Geschlecht die Ergebnisse der Hunde in Bezug auf ihre Reaktion bei ungleicher Behandlung voraussagen konnten, wie auch die Aufmerksamkeit gegenĂŒber dem Partner in einem der zusĂ€tzlichen Tests keinen RĂŒckschluss zulieĂ. Die Motivation der Hunde wurde gut in den nicht-sozialen Konditionen reflektiert, da jene Hunde, die mehr Ausdauer beim Lösen eines unbekannten Problems zeigten, auch lĂ€nger mit dem Versuchsleiter kooperierten, sogar wenn sie dafĂŒr nicht belohnt wurden. Wenn die Hunde jedoch neben einem Partner arbeiteten, der im Gegensatz zu Ihnen Futter bekam, sie also einer ungerechten Behandlung ausgesetzt waren, sank ihre Motivation und sie kooperierten nicht lĂ€nger als jene Hunde, die ohnehin eine geringe Motivation zeigten. Im Gegensatz zu den genannten Faktoren, die das Verhalten der Hunde bei ungleicher Belohnung nicht erklĂ€ren konnten, fanden wir, dass jene Hunde, die laut ihren Besitzern sozial toleranter sind und ihren Partner nicht von seinem Platz vertreiben, weniger Ablehnung gegenĂŒber ungleicher Behandlung zeigten, als weniger tolerante Individuen
Promoting Digital Skills for Austrian Employees through a MOOC: Results and Lessons Learned from Design and Implementation
Digital skills are now essential, not only in information and communications technology (ICT) jobs, but for employees across all sectors. The aim of this article is to detail how employeesâ digital skills can be fostered through a Massive Open Online Course (MOOC), how such an offer is used and what the effects of such a measure are. Using an approach oriented at action research and design-based research activities, the authors describe the basics of their finding on existing European competence frameworks for digital skills and European projects that used MOOCs, the development and design of the MOOC, the evaluation on the basis of learning analytics insights and a questionnaire, as well as a reflection. The MOOC was offered as Open Educational Resources (OER) on the Austrian MOOC platform iMOOX.at from March to April 2021, with 2083 participants, of whom 381 fully completed the course (at end of June 2021) and 489 filled out the final questionnaire
Chapter Optical Coherence Tomography â Applications in Non- Destructive Testing and Evaluation
Optimizatio
Practical Recommendations of the Obesity Management Task Force of the European Association for the Study of Obesity for the Post-Bariatric Surgery Medical Management
Bariatric surgery is today the most effective long-term therapy for the management of patients with severe obesity, and its use is recommended by the relevant guidelines of the management of obesity in adults. Bariatric surgery is in general safe and effective, but it can cause new clinical problems and is associated with specific diagnostic, preventive and therapeutic needs. For clinicians, the acquisition of special knowledge and skills is required in order to deliver appropriate and effective care to the post-bariatric patient. In the present recommendations, the basic notions needed to provide first-level adequate medical care to post-bariatric patients are summarised. Basic information about nutrition, management of co-morbidities, pregnancy, psychological issues as well as weight regain prevention and management is derived from current evidences and existing guidelines. A short list of clinical practical recommendations is included for each item. It remains clear that referral to a bariatric multidisciplinary centre, preferably the one performing the original procedure, should be considered in case of more complex clinical situations
Rickettsia helvetica in Patient with Meningitis, Sweden, 2006
Pathogenicity of Rickettsia helvetica is relatively unknown. We isolated a spotted fever group rickettsial organism from a patient with subacute meningitis. Nucleotide sequences of the 16S rRNA, ompB, and 17kDa genes identified the isolate as R. helvetica. This organism may be associated with serious infections such as central nervous system disorders
Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: Two Diseases with a Need for Combined Treatment Strategies - EASO Can Lead the Way
Obesity is a chronic metabolic disease affecting adults and children worldwide. It has become one of the leading causes of death, as obesity is known to be the main risk factor for a number of non-communicable diseases, in particular type 2 diabetes. This close relationship led to the connotation âdiabesity', highlighting the fact that the majority of individuals with diabetes are overweight or obese. Until today the BMI is still used to classify overweight and obesity. Since reduced muscle mass is highly prevalent throughout the BMI range, the measurement of body composition is strongly recommended. Moreover, it is essential for monitoring the course of weight reduction, which is part of every effective anti-obesity treatment. Weight reduction can be achieved via different weight loss strategies, including lifestyle intervention (diet and exercise), pharmacotherapy, or bariatric surgery. However, not all of these strategies are suitable for all patients, and any further needs should be considered. Besides, attention should also be drawn to concomitant therapies. These therapies may promote additional weight gain and further trigger the deterioration of blood glucose control. Thus, therapeutic strategies are warranted, which can be easily used for the management of obese patients with type 2 diabetes to achieve their glycemic and weight loss goals
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Temporal muscle thickness is an independent prognostic marker in melanoma patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognostic relevance of temporal muscle thickness (TMT) in melanoma patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases. METHODS: TMT was retrospectively assessed in 146 melanoma patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases on cranial magnetic resonance images. Chart review was used to retrieve clinical parameters, including disease-specific graded prognostic assessment (DS-GPA) and survival times. RESULTS: Patients with a TMTâ>âmedian showed a statistically significant increase in survival time (13 months) compared to patients with a TMTâ<âmedian (5 months; pâ<â0.001; log rank test). A Cox regression model revealed that the risk of death was increased by 27.9% with every millimeter reduction in TMT. In the multivariate analysis, TMT (HR 0.724; 95% 0.642-0.816; <â0.001) and DS-GPA (HR 1.214; 95% CI 1.023-1.439; pâ=â0.026) showed a statistically significant correlation with overall survival. CONCLUSION: TMT is an independent predictor of survival in melanoma patients with brain metastases. This parameter may aid in patient selection for clinical trials or to the choice of different treatment options based on the determination of frail patient populations
High correlation of temporal muscle thickness with lumbar skeletal muscle cross-sectional area in patients with brain metastases.
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the correlation of temporal muscle thickness (TMT), measured on routine cranial magnetic resonance (MR) images, with lumbar skeletal muscles obtained on computed tomography (CT) images in brain metastasis patients to establish a new parameter estimating skeletal muscle mass on brain MR images. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscles at the level of the third lumbar vertebra on computed tomography scans and correlated these values with TMT on MR images of the brain in two independent cohorts of 93 lung cancer and 61 melanoma patients (overall: 154 patients) with brain metastases. RESULTS: Pearson correlation revealed a strong association between mean TMT and CSA in lung cancer and melanoma patients with brain metastases (0.733; p<0.001). The two study cohorts did not differ significantly in patient characteristics, including age (p = 0.661), weight (p = 0.787), and height (p = 0.123). However, TMT and CSA measures differed significantly between male and female patients in both lung cancer and melanoma patients with brain metastases (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our data indicate that TMT, measured on routine cranial MR images, is a useful surrogate parameter for the estimation of skeletal muscle mass in patients with brain metastases. Thus, TMT may be useful for prognostic assessment, treatment considerations, and stratification or a selection factor for clinical trials in patients with brain metastases. Further studies are needed to assess the association between TMT and clinical frailty parameters, and the usefulness of TMT in patients with primary brain tumors
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BioC: a minimalist approach to interoperability for biomedical text processing
A vast amount of scientific information is encoded in natural language text, and the quantity of such text has become so great that it is no longer economically feasible to have a human as the first step in the search process. Natural language processing and text mining tools have become essential to facilitate the search for and extraction of information from text. This has led to vigorous research efforts to create useful tools and to create humanly labeled text corpora, which can be used to improve such tools. To encourage combining these efforts into larger, more powerful and more capable systems, a common interchange format to represent, store and exchange the data in a simple manner between different language processing systems and text mining tools is highly desirable. Here we propose a simple extensible mark-up language format to share text documents and annotations. The proposed annotation approach allows a large number of different annotations to be represented including sentences, tokens, parts of speech, named entities such as genes or diseases and relationships between named entities. In addition, we provide simple code to hold this data, read it from and write it back to extensible mark-up language files and perform some sample processing. We also describe completed as well as ongoing work to apply the approach in several directions. Code and data are available at http://bioc.sourceforge.net/. Database URL: http://bioc.sourceforge.net
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