Les macrophages alvéolaires et les cellules dendritiques, deux joueurs clés dans l'homéostasie pulmonaire et la réponse asthmatique

L’immunité pulmonaire est en constant équilibre entre le maintien de l’homéostasie et le développement d’une réponse inflammatoire. Plusieurs acteurs sont impliqués dans cette fine régulation, mais peu d’informations sont disponibles sur les mécanismes qui régulent l’activation de l’un ou l’autre de ces mécanismes. Différentes populations de cellules dendritiques sont activées lors de certaines réponses immunitaires, tandis que les macrophages alvéolaires sont davantage associés au maintien de l’homéostasie. De plus, lorsque l’homéostasie pulmonaire est dérégulée, une réponse inflammatoire exagérée se développe, comme dans le cas de l’asthme allergique. Cette thèse a pour objectif de mettre en lumière des mécanismes impliqués dans l’homéostasie pulmonaire et, plus particulièrement, d’identifier lesquels sont dérégulés dans l’asthme allergique. Nous avons étudié l’activation des différentes populations de cellules dendritiques pulmonaires lors d’une réponse tolérogène et asthmatique. Lors d’une réponse tolérogène, nous avons observé l’activation spécifique des cellules dendritiques myéloïdes de type 2, tandis que la réponse asthmatique est accompagnée d’une augmentation de la maturation des cellules dendritiques myéloïdes de type 1. Par la suite, nous avons investigué l’interaction entre les macrophages alvéolaires et les cellules dendritiques dans l’immunité pulmonaire. Dans cette étude, nous avons démontré que les macrophages alvéolaires naïfs contrôlent la capture de l’allergène par les cellules dendritiques, ce qui contribue au maintien de l’homéostasie pulmonaire. Finalement, nous avons déterminé que l’expression du CD200 (une protéine membranaire immunomodulatrice) présente sur les macrophages alvéolaires est dérégulée dans l’asthme et qu’il est possible d’inhiber certaines étapes de la cascade asthmatique en administrant de CD200 recombinant. À cet effet, l’administration de CD200 interfère avec le développement de l’hyperréactivité bronchique et réduit l’accumulation des cellules dendritiques myéloïdes et des lymphocytes Th2 dans le poumon. En conclusion, cette thèse a fait la lumière sur des mécanismes immunologiques importants pour le maintien de l’homéostasie pulmonaire, en particulier que les macrophages alvéolaires et la voie du CD200 régulent l’activation des cellules dendritiques.Lung immunity is an ongoing equilibrium between homeostasis and inflammation. Many immune cells are involved in lung homeostasis, but little information is available on the mechanisms that regulate the development of either responses. Studies suggest that subsets of dendritic cells are differentially activated during a tolerogenic and asthmatic response, whereas alveolar macrophages are associated with the preservation of homeostasis. On the other hand, allergic asthma pathogenesis is triggered by the dysregulation of lung immunity. Thus, this thesis aim was to identify mechanisms responsible to maintain lung homeostasis and which ones are dysregulated in asthmatic response. Hence, we investigated the activation of the multiple dendritic cell subsets in a tolerogenic and asthmatic response. The activation of the myeloid dendritic cell subset 2 was associated with tolerance, whereas the asthmatic response was associated with an increased maturation of myeloid dendritic cell subset 1. We subsequently studied the interaction between alveolar macrophages and dendritic cell subsets in lung immunity. This study demonstrated that naïve alveolar macrophages inhibit dendritic cell capture of allergens and migration to the draining lymph nodes, which contributed to the restoration of lung homeostasis. Furthermore, we showed that asthmatic alveolar macrophages expressed less CD200, an immunomodulatory membrane protein, than naïve cells. The administration of a recombinant CD200 protein to asthmatic rats inhibited the development of airway hyperresponsiveness and reduced the accumulation of myeloid dendritic cells and inflammatory Th2 cells in the lungs. In summary, this thesis identified multiple mechanisms that are crucial for lung homeostasis and show that alveolar macrophages and the administration of CD200 inhibit dendritic cell activation

Caractérisation des cellules épithéliales bronchiques murines dans un modèle asthmatique

L'altération des fonctions des cellules épithéliales dans l'asthme a été démontrée par plusieurs études. Afin de mieux comprendre l'implication des cellules épithéliales dans la cascade asthmatique, des cellules épithéliales bronchiques ont été isolées de rats Brown Norway (un modèle murin d'asthme) naïfs (NBE), sensibilisés (SBE) et sensibilisés/challenges avec l'allergène (ABE). Différentes fonctions des cellules épithéliales ont ensuite été analysées pour les différentes lignées. L'expression des protéines des jonctions cellulaires a été mesurée par immunobuvardage, la sécrétion de cytokines par ELISA et l'expression d'une molécule de surface immunomodulatrice, CD200, par cytométrie en flux. Les cellules épithéliales NBE, SBE et ABE présentent des phénotypes distincts et ces phénotypes sont maintenus en culture sur une longue période. De plus, les ABE ont un phénotype semblable à ce qui a été observé chez les sujets asthmatiques. Il semble donc que ce modèle d'étude soit un bon outil afin de mieux comprendre le rôle des cellules épithéliales dans l'asthme

Protection against neonatal respiratory viral infection via maternal treatment during pregnancy with the benign immune training agent OM‐85

Objectives Incomplete maturation of immune regulatory functions at birth is antecedent to the heightened risk for severe respiratory infections during infancy. Our forerunner animal model studies demonstrated that maternal treatment with the microbial-derived immune training agent OM-85 during pregnancy promotes accelerated postnatal maturation of mechanisms that regulate inflammatory processes in the offspring airways. Here, we aimed to provide proof of concept for a novel solution to reduce the burden and potential long-term sequelae of severe early-life respiratory viral infection through maternal oral treatment during pregnancy with OM-85, already in widespread human clinical use. Methods In this study, we performed flow cytometry and targeted gene expression (RT-qPCR) analysis on lungs from neonatal offspring whose mothers received oral OM-85 treatment during pregnancy. We next determined whether neonatal offspring from OM-85 treated mothers demonstrate enhanced protection against lethal lower respiratory infection with mouse-adapted rhinovirus (vMC0), and associated lung immune changes. Results Offspring from mothers treated with OM-85 during pregnancy display accelerated postnatal seeding of lung myeloid populations demonstrating upregulation of function-associated markers. Offspring from OM-85 mothers additionally exhibit enhanced expression of TLR4/7 and the IL-1β/NLRP3 inflammasome complex within the lung. These treatment effects were associated with enhanced capacity to clear an otherwise lethal respiratory viral infection during the neonatal period, with concomitant regulation of viral-induced IFN response intensity. Conclusion These results demonstrate that maternal OM-85 treatment protects offspring against lethal neonatal respiratory viral infection by accelerating development of innate immune mechanisms crucial for maintenance of local immune homeostasis in the face of pathogen challenge

Transplacental innate immune training via maternal microbial exposure: role of XBP1-ERN1 axis in dendritic cell precursor programming

We recently reported that offspring of mice treated during pregnancy with the microbial-derived immunomodulator OM-85 manifest striking resistance to allergic airways inflammation, and localized the potential treatment target to fetal conventional dendritic cell (cDC) progenitors. Here, we profile maternal OM-85 treatment-associated transcriptomic signatures in fetal bone marrow, and identify a series of immunometabolic pathways which provide essential metabolites for accelerated myelopoiesis. Additionally, the cDC progenitor compartment displayed treatment-associated activation of the XBP1-ERN1 signalling axis which has been shown to be crucial for tissue survival of cDC, particularly within the lungs. Our forerunner studies indicate uniquely rapid turnover of airway mucosal cDCs at baseline, with further large-scale upregulation of population dynamics during aeroallergen and/or pathogen challenge. We suggest that enhanced capacity for XBP1-ERN1-dependent cDC survival within the airway mucosal tissue microenvironment may be a crucial element of OM-85-mediated transplacental innate immune training which results in postnatal resistance to airway inflammatory disease

IRF7-Associated Immunophenotypes Have Dichotomous Responses to Virus/Allergen Coexposure and OM-85-Induced Reprogramming

High risk for virus-induced asthma exacerbations in children is associated with an IRF7lo immunophenotype, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, we applied a Systems Biology approach to an animal model comprising rat strains manifesting high (BN) versus low susceptibility (PVG) to experimental asthma, induced by virus/allergen coexposure, to elucidate the mechanism(s)-of-action of the high-risk asthma immunophenotype. We also investigated potential risk mitigation via pretreatment with the immune training agent OM-85. Virus/allergen coexposure in low-risk PVG rats resulted in rapid and transient airways inflammation alongside IRF7 gene network formation. In contrast, responses in high-risk BN rats were characterized by severe airways eosinophilia and exaggerated proinflammatory responses that failed to resolve, and complete absence of IRF7 gene networks. OM-85 had more profound effects in high-risk BN rats, inducing immune-related gene expression changes in lung at baseline and reducing exaggerated airway inflammatory responses to virus/allergen coexposure. In low-risk PVG rats, OM-85 boosted IRF7 gene networks in the lung but did not alter baseline gene expression or cellular influx. Distinct IRF7-associated asthma risk immunophenotypes have dichotomous responses to virus/allergen coexposure and respond differentially to OM-85 pretreatment. Extrapolating to humans, our findings suggest that the beneficial effects OM-85 pretreatment may preferentially target those in high-risk subgroups

Heterogeneous ketonic decarboxylation of dodecanoic acid: studying reaction parameters

Ketonic decarboxylation has gained significant attention in recent years as a pathway to reduce the oxygen content within biomass-derived oils, and to produce sustainable ketones. The reaction is base catalysed, with MgO an economic, accessible and highly basic heterogeneous catalyst. Here we use MgO to catalyse the ketonic decarboxylation of dodecanoic acid to form 12-tricosanone at moderate temperatures (250 °C, 280 °C and 300 °C) with low catalyst loads of 1% (w/w), 3% (w/w) and 5% (w/w) with respect to the dodecanoic acid, with a reaction time of 1 hour under batch conditions. Three different particle sizes for the MgO were tested (50 nm, 100 nm and 44 μm). Ketone yield was found to increase with increasing reaction temperature, reaching approximately 75% yield for all the samples tested. Temperature was found to be the main control on reaction yield, rather than surface area or particle size

Eicosanoid control over antigen presenting cells in asthma

Asthma is a common lung disease affecting 300 million people worldwide. Allergic asthma is recognized as a prototypical Th2 disorder, orchestrated by an aberrant adaptive CD4+ T helper (Th2/Th17) cell immune response against airborne allergens, that leads to eosinophilic inflammation, reversible bronchoconstriction, and mucus overproduction. Other forms of asthma are controlled by an eosinophil-rich innate ILC2 response driven by epithelial damage, whereas in some patients with more neutrophilia, the disease is driven by Th17 cells. Dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages are crucial regulators of type 2 immunity in asthma. Numerous lipid mediators including the eicosanoids prostaglandins and leukotrienes influence key functions of these cells, leading to either pro- or anti-inflammatory effects on disease outcome. In this review, we will discuss how eicosanoids affect the functions of DCs and macrophages in the asthmatic lung and how this leads to aberrant T cell differentiation that causes disease

Estrogen effect the immune system and leads to more severe asthma in females

Introduction/Aim Women have a higher incidence of asthma compared to men and exacerbations in women are often more severe and correlate with high estrogen levels. Using an experimental animal model for asthma, we have observed that female rats with experimental asthma also develop more severe exacerbations compared to male rats. The aim of the study was to investigate if the female sex hormone estrogen can impact the asthma response and identify the immunological mechanism for this effect. Methods By implanting estrogen‐releasing pellets into male rats prior to ovalbumin‐sensitisation and re‐challenge we investigated how estrogen‐exposed males responded compared to untreated males and females. We used multi parameter flow cytometry to investigate proportion and activation of antigen presenting dendritic cells, responding T effector and regulatory T cells in airways before and after allergen re‐challenge. Results We discovered that estrogen was sufficient to induce a female‐like disease phenotype during exacerbations in male rats. Interestingly, male and female rats also displayed significant differences in CD4+/CD8+ T cell ratios in airway draining lymph nodes and this was directly impacted by estrogen exposure. In addition, female and estrogen treated male rats, but not male rats, displayed signs of recruitment of CD4+ cells into the airways following allergen re‐challenge which most likely contributed to the exacerbated response. Conclusion Our data suggest that estrogen is sufficient to induce female like asthma symptoms in male rats and appears to alter the T cell balance promoting allergic responses

Estrogen affect the immune system and leads to more severe asthma in females

Introduction/Aim: Women have a higher incidence of asthma compared to men and exacerbations in women are often more severe and correlate with high estrogen levels. Using an experimental animal model for asthma, we have observed that female rats with experimental asthma also develop more severe exacerbations compared to male rats. The aim of the study was to investigate if the female sex hormone estrogen can impact the asthma response and identify the immunological mechanism for this effect. Methods: By implanting estrogen-releasing pellets into male rats prior to ovalbumin-sensitisation and re-challenge we investigated how estrogen-exposed males responded compared to untreated males and females. We used multi parameter flow cytometry to investigate proportion and activation of antigen presenting dendritic cells, responding T effector and regulatory T cells in airways before and after allergen rechallenge. Results: We discovered that estrogen was sufficient to induce a female-like disease phenotype during exacerbations in male rats. Interestingly, male and female rats also displayed significant differences in CD4 +/CD8+ T cell ratios in airway draining lymph nodes and this was directly impacted by estrogen exposure. In addition, female and estrogen treated male rats, but not male rats, displayed signs of recruitment of CD4+ cells into the airways following allergen re-challenge which most likely contributed to the exacerbated response. Conclusion: Our data suggest that estrogen is sufficient to induce female like asthma symptoms in male rats and appears to alter the T cell balance promoting allergic responses. Grant Support: The study was funded by the Asthma Foundation of Western Australia, the Telethon Kids Institute and the Swedish Society for Medical Research

Pregnancy induces a Steady-State shift in alveolar macrophage M1/M2 phenotype that is associated with a heightened severity of influenza virus infection: mechanistic insight using mouse models

Background Influenza virus infection during pregnancy is associated with enhanced disease severity. However, the underlying mechanisms are still not fully understood. We hypothesized that normal alveolar macrophage (AM) functions, which are central to maintaining lung immune homeostasis, are altered during pregnancy and that this dysregulation contributes to the increased inflammatory response to influenza virus infection. Methods Time-mated BALB/c mice were infected with a low dose of H1N1 influenza A virus at gestation day 9.5. Inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were assessed by flow cytometry. Results Our findings confirm previous reports of increased severity of influenza virus infection in pregnant mice. The heightened inflammatory response detected in BAL fluid from infected pregnant mice was characterized by neutrophil-rich inflammation with concomitantly reduced numbers of AM, which were slower to return to baseline counts, compared with nonpregnant infected mice. The increased infection severity and inflammatory responses to influenza during pregnancy were associated with a pregnancy-induced shift in AM phenotype at homeostatic baseline, from the M1 (ie, classical activation) state toward the M2 (ie, alternative activation) state, as evidence by increased expression of CD301 and reduced levels of CCR7. Conclusion These results show that pregnancy is associated with an alternatively activated phenotype of AM before infection, which may contribute to heightened disease severity