Visualising text co-occurrence networks

We present a tool for automatically generating a visual summary of unstructured text data retrieved from documents, web sites or social media feeds. Unlike tools such as word clouds, we are able to visualise structures and topic relationships occurring in a document. These relationships are determined by a unique approach to co-occurrence analysis. The algorithm applies a decaying function to the distance between word pairs found in the original text such that words regularly occurring close to each other score highly, but even words occurring some distance apart will make a small contribution to the overall co-occurrence score. This is in contrast to other algorithms which simply count adjacent words or use a sliding window of fixed size. We show, with examples, how the network generated can be presented in tree or graph format. The tree format allows for the user to interact with the visualisation and expand or contract the data to a preferred level of detail. The tool is available as a web application and can be viewed using any modern web browse

Biosamples as gifts? How participants in biobanking projects talk about donation.

Funded by National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre based at Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust University of Oxford Oxford Biomedical Research Centre FellowshipPeer reviewedPublisher PD

Do Dogs Prefer Helpers in an Infant-Based Social Evaluation Task?

Social evaluative abilities emerge in human infancy, highlighting their importance in shaping our species' early understanding of the social world. Remarkably, infants show social evaluation in relatively abstract contexts: for instance, preferring a wooden shape that helps another shape in a puppet show over a shape that hinders another character (Hamlin et al., 2007). Here we ask whether these abstract social evaluative abilities are shared with other species. Domestic dogs provide an ideal animal species in which to address this question because this species cooperates extensively with conspecifics and humans and may thus benefit from a more general ability to socially evaluate prospective partners. We tested dogs on a social evaluation puppet show task originally used with human infants. Subjects watched a helpful shape aid an agent in achieving its goal and a hinderer shape prevent an agent from achieving its goal. We examined (1) whether dogs showed a preference for the helpful or hinderer shape, (2) whether dogs exhibited longer exploration of the helpful or hinderer shape, and (3) whether dogs were more likely to engage with their handlers during the helper or hinderer events. In contrast to human infants, dogs showed no preference for either the helper or the hinderer, nor were they more likely to engage with their handlers during helper or hinderer events. Dogs did spend more time exploring the hindering shape, perhaps indicating that they were puzzled by the agent's unhelpful behavior. However, this preference was moderated by a preference for one of the two shapes, regardless of role. These findings suggest that, relative to infants, dogs show weak or absent social evaluative abilities when presented with abstract events and point to constraints on dogs' abilities to evaluate others' behavior

Must analysis of meaning follow analysis of form? A time course analysis

Many models of word recognition assume that processing proceeds sequentially from analysis of form to analysis of meaning. In the context of morphological processing, this implies that morphemes are processed as units of form prior to any influence of their meanings. Some interpret the apparent absence of differences in recognition latencies to targets (SNEAK) in form and semantically similar (sneaky-SNEAK) and in form similar and semantically dissimilar (sneaker-SNEAK) prime contexts at a stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA) of 48 ms as consistent with this claim. To determine the time course over which degree of semantic similarity between morphologically structured primes and their targets influences recognition in the forward masked priming variant of the lexical decision paradigm, we compared facilitation for the same targets after semantically similar and dissimilar primes across a range of SOAs (34–100 ms). The effect of shared semantics on recognition latency increased linearly with SOA when long SOAs were intermixed (Experiments 1A and 1B) and latencies were significantly faster after semantically similar than dissimilar primes at homogeneous SOAs of 48 ms (Experiment 2) and 34 ms (Experiment 3). Results limit the scope of form-then-semantics models of recognition and demonstrate that semantics influences even the very early stages of recognition. Finally, once general performance across trials has been accounted for, we fail to provide evidence for individual differences in morphological processing that can be linked to measures of reading proficiency

The Vehicle, Spring 1993

1993 Commemorative Edition: Celebrating 35 Years Table of Contents The Vehicle Editors\u27 Lineagepage 5 Milestonespage 6 THE SIXTIES Coverspage 7 Editors\u27 Notespage 8 Sureness is Never - excerptDon Shepardsonpage 9 SophisticationBenjamin Polkpage 10 A SonnetMignon Stricklandpage 11 The Twenty-Third ChannelBen Polkpage 11 Opposite AttractionsC.E.M. (Christine McColl)page 12 John F. KennedyJoel E. Hendrickspage 13 The Girl on the White PonyLarry Gatespage 14 The TimesW.D.M. (William Moser)page 16 Home ThoughtsJane Careypage 17 1966Roger Zulaufpage 18 Nagging ThoughtJanet Andrewspage 18 THE SEVENTIES Coverspage 19 Editors\u27 Notespage 20 RevolutionsSteve Siegelpage 21 UntitledKristine Kirkhampage 23 The Arithmetic ProblemJanice Forbuspage 23 Willie Seeverson Threw a Worm at MeMary Pipekpage 24 a love poem (by approximation)Ted Baldwinpage 25 Night and Summer in Two WorldsBarry Smithpage 26 Story of a Teenage PickleTerry Louis Schultzpage 27 Danny Lonely, Danny WildDevin Brownpage 28 Always TomorrowMary McDanielpage 29 THE EIGHTIES Coverspage 31 Having ChildrenDevon Flesorpage 33 What is Unnatural Is Sometimes MagicAngelique Jenningspage 34 If My Father Were A Writer, He Would Still BuildAngelique Jenningspage 35 Photo AlbumPatrick Peterspage 36 Poet Born in Pearl HarborAngelique Jenningspage 37 The History of High School BasketballPatrick Peterspage 38 Banana BreadGail Bowerpage 39 Cover LetterBob Zordanipage 40 Home MoviesBob Zordanipage 41 MigrationPatrick Peterspage 42 THE NINETIES Ba, Ba, Black SheepVictoria Bennettpage 45 Daily LessonsJennifer Moropage 49 Folding My OwnLaurie Ann Malispage 51 About the Authorspage 53 Editors\u27 Notespage 56https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1062/thumbnail.jp

The Vehicle, Spring 1993

1993 Commemorative Edition: Celebrating 35 Years Table of Contents The Vehicle Editors\u27 Lineagepage 5 Milestonespage 6 THE SIXTIES Coverspage 7 Editors\u27 Notespage 8 Sureness is Never - excerptDon Shepardsonpage 9 SophisticationBenjamin Polkpage 10 A SonnetMignon Stricklandpage 11 The Twenty-Third ChannelBen Polkpage 11 Opposite AttractionsC.E.M. (Christine McColl)page 12 John F. KennedyJoel E. Hendrickspage 13 The Girl on the White PonyLarry Gatespage 14 The TimesW.D.M. (William Moser)page 16 Home ThoughtsJane Careypage 17 1966Roger Zulaufpage 18 Nagging ThoughtJanet Andrewspage 18 THE SEVENTIES Coverspage 19 Editors\u27 Notespage 20 RevolutionsSteve Siegelpage 21 UntitledKristine Kirkhampage 23 The Arithmetic ProblemJanice Forbuspage 23 Willie Seeverson Threw a Worm at MeMary Pipekpage 24 a love poem (by approximation)Ted Baldwinpage 25 Night and Summer in Two WorldsBarry Smithpage 26 Story of a Teenage PickleTerry Louis Schultzpage 27 Danny Lonely, Danny WildDevin Brownpage 28 Always TomorrowMary McDanielpage 29 THE EIGHTIES Coverspage 31 Having ChildrenDevon Flesorpage 33 What is Unnatural Is Sometimes MagicAngelique Jenningspage 34 If My Father Were A Writer, He Would Still BuildAngelique Jenningspage 35 Photo AlbumPatrick Peterspage 36 Poet Born in Pearl HarborAngelique Jenningspage 37 The History of High School BasketballPatrick Peterspage 38 Banana BreadGail Bowerpage 39 Cover LetterBob Zordanipage 40 Home MoviesBob Zordanipage 41 MigrationPatrick Peterspage 42 THE NINETIES Ba, Ba, Black SheepVictoria Bennettpage 45 Daily LessonsJennifer Moropage 49 Folding My OwnLaurie Ann Malispage 51 About the Authorspage 53 Editors\u27 Notespage 56https://thekeep.eiu.edu/vehicle/1062/thumbnail.jp

The role of steroids in the management of brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline

Do steroids improve neurologic symptoms in patients with metastatic brain tumors compared to no treatment? If steroids are given, what dose should be used? Comparisons include: (1) steroid therapy versus none. (2) comparison of different doses of steroid therapy. Target population These recommendations apply to adults diagnosed with brain metastases. Recommendations Steroid therapy versus no steroid therapy Asymptomatic brain metastases patients without mass effect Insufficient evidence exists to make a treatment recommendation for this clinical scenario. Brain metastases patients with mild symptoms related to mass effect Level 3 Corticosteroids are recommended to provide temporary symptomatic relief of symptoms related to increased intracranial pressure and edema secondary to brain metastases. It is recommended for patients who are symptomatic from metastatic disease to the brain that a starting dose of 4–8 mg/day of dexamethasone be considered. Brain metastases patients with moderate to severe symptoms related to mass effect Level 3 Corticosteroids are recommended to provide temporary symptomatic relief of symptoms related to increased intracranial pressure and edema secondary to brain metastases. If patients exhibit severe symptoms consistent with increased intracranial pressure, it is recommended that higher doses such as 16 mg/day or more be considered. Choice of Steroid Level 3 If corticosteroids are given, dexamethasone is the best drug choice given the available evidence. Duration of Corticosteroid Administration Level 3 Corticosteroids, if given, should be tapered slowly over a 2 week time period, or longer in symptomatic patients, based upon an individualized treatment regimen and a full understanding of the long-term sequelae of corticosteroid therapy. Given the very limited number of studies (two) which met the eligibility criteria for the systematic review, these are the only recommendations that can be offered based on this methodology. Please see “Discussion” and “Summary” section for additional details

The role of chemotherapy in the management of newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline

TARGET POPULATION: This recommendation applies to adults with newly diagnosed brain metastases; however, the recommendation below does not apply to the exquisitely chemosensitive tumors, such as germinomas metastatic to the brain. RECOMMENDATION: Should patients with brain metastases receive chemotherapy in addition to whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT)? Level 1 Routine use of chemotherapy following WBRT for brain metastases has not been shown to increase survival and is not recommended. Four class I studies examined the role of carboplatin, chloroethylnitrosoureas, tegafur and temozolomide, and all resulted in no survival benefit. Two caveats are provided in order to allow the treating physician to individualize decision-making: First, the majority of the data are limited to non small cell lung (NSCLC) and breast cancer; therefore, in other tumor histologies, the possibility of clinical benefit cannot be absolutely ruled out. Second, the addition of chemotherapy to WBRT improved response rates in some, but not all trials; response rate was not the primary endpoint in most of these trials and end-point assessment was non-centralized, non-blinded, and post-hoc. Enrollment in chemotherapy-related clinical trials is encouraged