El comercio infame: capitalismo milenarista, valores humanos y justicia global en el tráfico de órganos

This article documents the growth of “transplant tourism” and the global traffic in human bodies, desires, and needs. Organ transplantation today takes place in a transnational space with surgeons, patients, donors, sellers and brokers following new paths of capital and technology. In general, organs flow from South to North, from third to first world, and from poorer to richer bodies, and from black and brown to whites and from females to males. The “scarcity” of organs and tissues combined with the scarcity of patients of sufficient means to pay for these expensive operations, has spawned a lucrative business driven by the market calculus of supply and demand. The spread of new medical technologies and the new needs, scarcities, and commodities –for instance, fresh organs and tissues– that they inspire raises urgent public issues concerning: the reordering of relations between bodies and the state in late modernity; the appearance of “fluid” and divisible bodies that disrupt early modern notions of the indivisible and autonomous body-self; the emergence of new forms of barter and social exchange that breach the conventional dichotomy between gifts and commodities and between kin and strangers; the interplay of magic and science; and the power of rumours and urban legends to challenge the official medical and transplant “narratives” on the meanings of life, death, and sacrifice.Este artículo documenta el crecimiento del “turismo de transplante” y el tráfico global de cuerpos, deseos y necesidades humanas. El transplante de órganos tiene lugar hoy en día en un espacio transnacional en el que circulan cirujanos, pacientes, donantes, vendedores e intermediarios que siguen los nuevos caminos del capital y de la tecnología. En general, los órganos fluyen de sur a norte, del tercer al primer mundo, de los cuerpos más pobres a los más ricos, de negros y cobrizos a blancos, y de mujeres a hombres. La “escasez” de cuerpos y tejidos, en combinación con la escasez de pacientes con medios suficientes para pagar estas costosas intervenciones, han hecho surgir un lucrativo negocio impulsado por el cálculo de oferta y demanda de mercado. La extensión de nuevas tecnologías médicas y las nuevas necesidades, escasez y mercancías –por ejemplo, órganos y tejidos frescos– que inspiran, hacen surgir debates públicos de carácter urgente, relacionados con: la reordenación de las relaciones entre los cuerpos y el Estado en la modernidad tardía; la aparición de cuerpos “fluidos” y divisibles que ponen en cuestión nociones de la primera modernidad acerca de lo indivisible del cuerpo –self–; la aparición de nuevas formas de trueque e intercambio social que rompen la dicotomía convencional entre dones y mercancías y entre parientes y extraños; el juego mutuo entre magia y ciencia; y el poder de los rumores y leyendas urbanas de plantear un reto a las “narrativas” oficiales médicas y de transplantes acerca de los significados de la vida, de la muerte y del sacrificio

Is It Ethical for Patients with Renal Disease to Purchase Kidneys from the World's Poor?

Background to the debate: In many countries, the number of patients waiting for a kidney transplant is increasing. But there is a widespread and serious shortage of kidneys for transplantation, a shortage that can lead to suffering and death. One approach to tackling the shortage is for a patient with renal disease to buy a kidney from a living donor, who is often in a developing country, a sale that could—in theory at least—help to lift the donor out of poverty. Such kidney sales are almost universally illegal. Proponents of kidney sales argue that since the practice is widespread, it would be safer to formally regulate it, and that society should respect people's autonomous control over their bodies. Critics express concern about the potential for exploitation and coercion of the poor, and about the psychological and physical after-effects on the donors of this illegal kidney trade

Organ Donation: The Gift, the Weight and the Tyranny of Good Acts

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/72413/1/j.1600-6143.2006.01731.x.pd

Anthropology and the Irish Encounter

In their discussion of ancestral versus contemporary anthropology in Ireland, Keith Egan and Fiona Murphy (this issue) do not draw a parallel distinction, quite probably deliberately, between “metropolitan” and “native” anthropologies. Positing a category of “native anthropology” opens up an explosive set of issues about the claim to be “native”—all the more combustible in a place that has known settler colonialism since the 12th century, tidalwaves of out-migration (and consequently a vast and tuned-in diaspora) due to famine in the 19th and economic stagnation in the 20th century, and a total demographic makeover through in-migration in the past two decades. Nonetheless, even though they do not resort to this distinction, Egan and Murphy are likely to agree that they are describing an Irish version of a quandary that is all too familiar to native anthropologists from marginal anthropological traditions, predominantly in the postcolonial world: namely, what is to be done when the acknowledged gold standard of metropolitan ethnographic writing renders your home place in a way that is unrecognizable to you

Violence and affective states in contemporary Latin America

This special issue brings together scholars interested in the analysis of the social, cultural and affective dimensions of violence. The contributions explore the connections between situated experiences of violence and shifting affective states, relations, sensations and contingencies in contemporary Latin America. The articles consider how violence might constitute a nexus for the production of subjectivities and forms of identification, relationality and community, alterity and belonging, in a range of Latin American contexts including Argentina, Brazil, Guatemala, Mexico and in the Mexican diaspora in Spain

Violence, Identity and (In)security: Experiencing the Maoist Insurgency in Peru

This article argues that the position of political violence in developing countries has changed in the post?Cold War period, from being seen (by some) as a legitimate response to dictatorship to become associated with criminality and delinquency on the one hand and terrorism on the other. This provides a new context for ‘identity politics’, the definition of which has tended to become narrower and in practice more restrictive, leading to a hardening of ‘community’ boundaries. Taking the Maoist insurgency in Peru as a case study, the article enquires how identity, violence and security have been lived and understood by people in the Andean region. At the centre is an emblematic narrative of an indigenous schoolteacher who explores connections between his experiences of Peru's agrarian and education reforms, early support and later rejection of political violence, and the way his community envisioned and practised security in response

‘Missing out’: Reflections on the positioning of ethnographic research within an evaluative framing

Contemporary approaches to evaluating ‘complex’ social and health interventions are opening up spaces for methodologies attuned to examining contextual complexities, such as ethnography. Yet the alignment of the two agendas – evaluative and ethnographic – is not necessarily comfortable in practice. I reflect on experiences of conducting ethnographic research alongside a public health evaluation of a community-based initiative in the UK, using the lens of ‘missing out’ to examine intersections between my own ethnographic concerns and those of the communities under study. I examine potential opportunities posed by the discomfort of ‘missing out’, particularly for identifying the processes and spaces of inclusion and exclusion that contributed both to my ethnographic experiences and to the realities of the communities engaging with the initiative. This reveals productive possibilities for a focus on ‘missing out’ as a form of relating for evaluations of the impacts of such initiatives on health and social inequalities

Introduction: Researching Democracy and Social Change with Violence in the Foreground

There are many studies of violence within specific fields of the social sciences, but the next stage in our evolving understanding of violence may lie with interdisciplinary approaches. By traversing traditional academic categories, violence as a variable may become more visible in its multiple modes. It is through our ability to see the linkages between interpersonal, cultural, collective, political, state, interstate and structural violences that we can gain a better understanding of its persistence in human interactions. Researchers for this IDS Bulletin set out not only to understand contemporary dynamics of violence, but also to work with people trapped in violent places, spaces and histories who were willing to talk about and act upon their situation. Researching violence in an interactive way with those living in the thick of it posed many ethical, safety, epistemological and methodological challenges. These are documented in this IDS Bulletin alongside findings on the dimensions and impact of violence in different contexts