\u3ci\u3eAquastella gen. nov.\u3c/i\u3e: A new genus of saprolegniaceous oomycete rotifer parasites related to \u3ci\u3eAphanomyces\u3c/i\u3e, with unique sporangial outgrowths

The oomycete genus Aquastella is described to accommodate two new species of parasites of rotifers observed in Brooktrout Lake, New York State, USA. Three rotifer species – Keratella taurocephala,Polyarthra vulgaris, and Ploesoma truncatum – were infected, and this is the first report of oomycete infection in these species. Aquastella attenuata was specific to K. taurocephala and Aquastella aciculariswas specific to P. vulgaris and P. truncatum. The occurrence of infections correlated with peak host population densities and rotifers were infected in the upper layers of the water column. Sequencing of 18S rRNA and phylogenetic analysis of both species placed them within the order Saprolegniales, in a clade closely related to Aphanomyces. The Aquastella species were morphologically distinct from other rotifer parasites as the developing sporangia penetrated out through the host body following its death to produce unique tapered outgrowths. Aquastella attenuata produced long, narrow, tapering, finger-like outgrowths, whilst A. acicularis produced shorter, spike-like outgrowths. We hypothesize that the outgrowths serve to deter predation and slow descent in the water column. Spore cleavage was intrasporangial with spore release through exit tubes. Aquastella attenuata produced primary zoospores, whereas A. acicularisreleased spherical primary aplanospores, more typical of other genera in the Aphanomyces clade

Changes in protein expression in mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis dietarily exposed to PVP/PEI coated silver nanoparticles at different seasons

Potential toxic effects of Ag NPs ingested through the food web and depending on the season have not been addressed in marine bivalves. This work aimed to assess differences in protein expression in the digestive gland of female mussels after dietary exposure to Ag NPs in autumn and spring. Mussels were fed daily with microalgae previously exposed for 24 hours to 10 µg/L of PVP/PEI coated 5 nm Ag NPs. After 21 days, mussels significantly accumulated Ag in both seasons and Ag NPs were found within digestive gland cells and gills. Two-dimensional electrophoresis distinguished 104 differentially expressed protein spots in autumn and 142 in spring. Among them, chitinase like protein-3, partial and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, that are involved in amino sugar and nucleotide sugar metabolism, carbon metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and the biosynthesis of amino acids KEGG pathways, were overexpressed in autumn but underexpressed in spring. In autumn, pyruvate metabolism, citrate cycle, cysteine and methionine metabolism and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism were altered, while in spring, proteins related to the formation of phagosomes and hydrogen peroxide metabolism were differentially expressed. Overall, protein expression signatures depended on season and Ag NPs exposure, suggesting that season significantly influences responses of mussels to NP exposure.This work has been funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (NanoSilverOmics project MAT2012-39372), Basque Government (SAIOTEK project S-PE13UN142 and Consolidated Research Group GIC IT810-13) and the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (UFI 11/37 and PhD fellowship to N.D.). This study had also the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) from Portugal through the Strategic Project UID/MAH00350/2013 granted to CIMA. The contribution of K. Mehennaoui was possible within the project NanoGAM (AFR-PhD-9229040) and M. Mikolaczyk was supported by a PhD fellowship from the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

Etude des mécanismes de transport et de détoxication des métaux lourds chez la moule d'eau douce Dreissena polymorpha : rôle des hémocytes et des organes du système excréteur (histologie, ultrastructure, microanalyse)

Bioindicator capacity of bivalves molluscs for metal is now well know and use in biomonitoring studies. Understanding of this capacity needed a more fundamental study of metal uptake, transport and excretion pathways. Anatomical, cytological and microanalytical studies of hemocytes, pericardial gland and kidney has shown granulocyte rule in transport and detoxication functions of pericardial gland and kidney. Lysosomal system plays an important function. Metal nature changes its distribution in organs. Lead is accumulated with P, S, Ca in concretion in epithelial cells of kidney distal limb. Microanalysis was performed in this case. Possible adaptation of metallic micropolluants presence was research by hemocytes counts, enzymatic activity and phagocytosis capacities evaluation. Hemocytes number and acid phosphatases activity seem to increase but no significant modifications of phagocytosis capacities was observed. Cytological and biochemical responses of hemocytes in presence of metal can be propose of early test (7 days) of metal contamination effects in aquatics systems ; bioaccumulation levels was evaluated by transplant methods after 3 weeksLa capacité bioindicatrice des mollusques bivalves vis-à-vis des métaux est actuellement reconnue et utilisée dans le cadre du biomonitoring. La compréhension de cette capacité nécessitait une étude plus fondamentale des voies d'intoxication, de transport et d'élimination des métaux. Une étude anatomique, cytologique et microanalytique des hémocytes, de la glande péricardiale et des reins a montré le rôle des granulocytes dans le transport puis le rôle de détoxication de la glande péricardiale et des reins. Le système lysosomal joue un rôle important. La nature du métal modifie la répartition au sein des organes. Le plomb est bioconcentré en association avec P, S, Ca dans les concrétions des cellules du rein distal. La microanalyse de rayons x a été, à ce titre performante. Une adaptation éventuelle à la présence de micropolluants métalliques a été recherchée par numération des hémocytes, suivi de l'activité enzymatique et des capacités de phagocytose. Il y a tendance à l'augmentation du nombre des hémocytes ; augmentation de l'activité phosphatasique acide mais pas de modification significative de l'activité de phagocytose. Les réponses cytochimiques et biochimiques des hémocytes en présence de métaux peuvent être proposées comme méthodes d'évaluation précoce (7 jours) des effets de la contamination des eaux par les métaux ; le niveau de bioaccumulation étant évalué par la méthode des transplantations seulement après trois semaine

Anthropogenic Stressor and Parasite Interactions in Aquatic Environments

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Utilisation de biomarqueurs cellulaires chez plusieurs espèces d'invertébrés pour l'évaluation de la contamination des milieux duçaquicoles

Pour valider une suite de biomarqueurs cellulaires en milieu dulçaquicole, nous avons étudié la structure des systèmes lysosomal et peroxysomal et les variations de contenus en lipofuscines et lipides neutres insaturés dans les tissus digestifs de plusieurs invertébrés, à travers une approche couplant histochimie et analyse d images. Les expérimentations in situ et bioessais à plus ou moins long terme ont montré la pertinence des réponses cellulaires étudiées pour la mise en évidence de gradients de contamination. Les profils de réponse les plus communs chez les mollusques incluent un gonflement lysosomal, des déplétions de lipides neutres insaturés, une accumulation de lipofuscines et/ou un système peroxysomal plus volumineux. Ces réponses cellulaires précoces peuvent être associées, au niveau individuel, à une désynchronisation de la reproduction entre individus ou à une diminution de l indice de condition. L étude mensuelle à long terme (2 ans) a souligné l absence de niveaux de base saisonniers de ces biomarqueurs et l influence importante de la disponibilité trophique sur les contenus tissulaires en lipides neutres. Une mise en dépuration de 15 jours du bivalve, Dreissena polymorpha, sur son site d origine, n a pas montré de réversibilité du profil des réponses cellulaires à un gradient de contamination in situ, mais elle a tout de même de limité la déplétion des lipides neutres. Les réponses cellulaires les plus précoces et discriminatives sont le gonflement lysosomal et la déplétion en lipides neutres. Une comparaison d outils d analyse intégrative a montré le pouvoir discriminatif accru de la suite de biomarqueur entière, par rapport aux réponses individuellesTo validate a cellular biomarker suite, we studied the lysosomal and peroxisomal structures as well as the variations of the lipofuscin and unsaturated neutral lipid contents in the digestive tissues of several freshwater invertebrates, by using histochemistry coupled to image analysis. Cellular responses, studied through field and laboratory experiments proved relevant to highlight contamination gradients. The most frequent response profiles in molluscs were lysosomal enlargement, unsaturated neutral lipid depletions, lipofuscin accumulations and a more voluminous peroxisomal system. These early cellular responses may be associated, at the individual level, to a desynchronisation of the reproduction or to decreased condition index. A long-term monthly experiment showed no seasonal baseline levels of these biomarkers and underlined the important influence of trophic factors on the unsaturated neutral lipid contents. A 15-day depuration period of the bivalve, Dreissean polymorpha, at the site of origin after an exposure to a comparison of integrative analysis tools proved that the whole biomarker suite discriminates better between sites than individual responsesMETZ-SCD (574632105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Interactions between contamination and parasitism in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha)

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Multi-isotopic approach to study Rare Earth Element contamination in river during flood events

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Cellular distribution of metals in a liverwort and in a moss transplanted to two streams of differing acidity.

International audienceTo investigate the consequences of acidification and metal accumulation on the biology of aquatic bryophytes, the acid-tolerant liverwort Scapania undulata (L.) Dum. and the acid-sensitive moss Rhynchostegium riparioides (Hedw.) Cardot were transplanted from one stream to two other streams of differing acidity (pH 5.20 and 6.38). The bryophytes were collected in a circumneutral (pH 6.57) stream in the Vosges Mountains. Metal accumulation was semiquantitatively measured in shoots by energy dispersive TEM X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS). After 1 month, the two species remained green without alteration signs. Although no marked ultrastructural damage was observed in either species, some cells seemed to be necrotic, with flattened chloroplasts, in R. riparioides. Lipid droplet accumulation was observed in some leaf cells of S.undulata when transplanted to the most acidic stream. Metal was mostly localised in the cell wall, and was only sometimes detected in small vacuoles. Under acidic conditions, R. riparioides showed the highest relative amount of Al and the lowest amount of Fe, whereas the acid-tolerant bryophyte species S. undulata contained more Fe and less Al. The capability to limit the uptake of metals into the cytoplasm varies according to the bryophyte species. This could be an explanation of the tolerance of S. undulata to acidification

Parasites and Ecotoxicology: Molluscs and Other Invertebrates

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