Reparation, Restitution, and the Politics of Memory. A Methodological and Historical Introduction

This project has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation programme – Grant Agreement Number 819931

The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP). VII. The Planet–Disk Interactions Interpretation

The Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project (DSHARP) provides a large sample of protoplanetary disks with substructures that could be induced by young forming planets. To explore the properties of planets that may be responsible for these substructures, we systematically carry out a grid of 2D hydrodynamical simulations, including both gas and dust components. We present the resulting gas structures, including the relationship between the planet mass, as well as (1) the gaseous gap depth/width and (2) the sub/super-Keplerian motion across the gap. We then compute dust continuum intensity maps at the frequency of the DSHARP observations. We provide the relationship between the planet mass, as well as (1) the depth/width of the gaps at millimeter intensity maps, (2) the gap edge ellipticity and asymmetry, and (3) the position of secondary gaps induced by the planet. With these relationships, we lay out the procedure to constrain the planet mass using gap properties, and study the potential planets in the DSHARP disks. We highlight the excellent agreement between observations and simulations for AS 209 and the detectability of the young solar system analog. Finally, under the assumption that the detected gaps are induced by young planets, we characterize the young planet population in the planet mass–semimajor axis diagram. We find that the occurrence rate for \u3e5 M J planets beyond 5–10 au is consistent with direct imaging constraints. Disk substructures allow us to probe a wide-orbit planet population (Neptune to Jupiter mass planets beyond 10 au) that is not accessible to other planet searching techniques

Functional abnormalities in the cerebellothalamic pathways in a mouse model of DYT25 dystonia

Dystonia is often associated with functional alterations in the cerebello-thalamic pathways, which have been proposed to contribute to the disorder by propagating pathological firing patterns to the forebrain. Here, we examined the function of the cerebello-thalamic pathways in a model of DYT25 dystonia. DYT25 (Gnal+/−) mice carry a heterozygous knockout mutation of the Gnal gene, which notably disrupts striatal function, and systemic or striatal administration of oxotremorine to these mice triggers dystonic symptoms. Our results reveal an increased cerebello-thalamic excitability in the presymptomatic state. Following the first dystonic episode, Gnal+/- mice in the asymptomatic state exhibit a further increase of the cerebello-thalamo-cortical excitability, which is maintained after θ-burst stimulations of the cerebellum. When administered in the symptomatic state induced by a cholinergic activation, these stimulations decreased the cerebello-thalamic excitability and reduced dystonic symptoms. In agreement with dystonia being a multiregional circuit disorder, our results suggest that the increased cerebello-thalamic excitability constitutes an early endophenotype, and that the cerebellum is a gateway for corrective therapies via the depression of cerebello-thalamic pathways.Fil: Aïssa, Hind Baba. Ecole Normale Supérieure; FranciaFil: Sala, Romain W.. Ecole Normale Supérieure; FranciaFil: Georgescu Margarint, Elena Laura. Ecole Normale Supérieure; FranciaFil: Frontera, Jimena Laura. Ecole Normale Supérieure; FranciaFil: Varani, Andrés Pablo. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Francia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Houssay. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Medicina. Instituto de Fisiología y Biofísica Bernardo Houssay; ArgentinaFil: Menardy, Fabien. Ecole Normale Supérieure; FranciaFil: Pelosi, Assunta. Inserm; Francia. Université Pierre et Marie Curie; FranciaFil: Hervé, Denis. Université Pierre et Marie Curie; Francia. Inserm; Francia. Institut Du Fer À Moulin; FranciaFil: Léna, Clément. Ecole Normale Supérieure; FranciaFil: Popa, Daniela. Ecole Normale Supérieure; Franci

Guerra y derecho en América Latina: entre las disposiciones y las prácticas; entre la excepción y la norma (siglo XIX)

This special issue explores the complex relationship between law, war, and politics through the articulation of the civil and military sphere in Latin American during the 19th century. This question is addressed through long-term studies, comparative approaches, theoretical reflections on the relevance of the chronologies, categories and conceptual tools used, and case studies focused on armies, militias, auxiliary forces, insurgent groups and others. The contributions of this special issue address elements such as ethnicity, otherness and the construction of the adversary, threat management, the relationship between norms and violence, the institutionalization of informal military authorities, the exercise of popular sovereignty, the ordinary normative apparatus, and the place of regimes of exception. Conerning the approach, it aims to overcome a logic centered on the purely normative dimension to appreciate this aspect in its relationship with the devices of circulation and reception, concrete practices and the experience of the actors.El dossier explora la compleja relación entre derecho, guerra y política a través de la articulación de la esfera civil y militar en el siglo XIX latinoamericano. Se aborda esta problemática a través de estudios de larga duración, abordajes comparativos, reflexiones teóricas sobre la pertinencia de las cronologías, categorías y herramientas conceptuales empleadas y análisis de caso centrados en ejércitos de línea, milicias, fuerzas auxiliares, grupos insurgentes y otros. Se tienen en cuenta cuestiones como la etnicidad, la alteridad y la construcción del adversario, la gestión de la amenaza, la relación entre norma y violencia, la institucionalización de autoridades militares informales, el ejercicio de la soberanía popular, el aparato normativo ordinario y el lugar de los regímenes de excepción. En cuanto a la perspectiva adoptada, se apuesta a superar una lógica centrada en la dimensión puramente normativa para apreciar este aspecto en su relación con los dispositivos de circulación y recepción, las prácticas concretas y la experiencia de los actores

Right Structural and Functional Reorganization in Four-Year-Old Children with Perinatal Arterial Ischemic Stroke Predict Language Production

Brain imaging methods have contributed to shed light on the mechanisms of recovery after early brain insult. The assumption that the unaffected right hemisphere can take over language functions after left perinatal stroke is still under debate. Here, we report how patterns of brain structural and functional reorganization were associated with language outcomes in a group of 4-year-old children with left perinatal arterial ischemic stroke. Specifically, we gathered specific fine-grained developmental measures of receptive and productive aspects of language as well as standardized measures of cognitive development. We also collected structural neuroimaging data as well as functional activations during a passive listening story-telling fMRI task and a resting state session (rs-fMRI). Children with a left perinatal stroke showed larger lateralization indices of both structural and functional connectivity of the dorsal language pathway towards the right hemisphere that, in turn, were associated with better language outcomes. Importantly, the pattern of structural asymmetry was significantly more right-lateralized in children with a left perinatal brain insult than in a group of matched healthy controls. These results strongly suggest that early lesions of the left dorsal pathway and the associated perisylvian regions can induce the inter-hemispheric transfer of language functions to right homolog regions. This study provides combined evidence of structural and functional brain reorganization of language networks after early stroke with strong implications for neurobiological models of language development

Agro-morphological characterization of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) landraces grown in Benin: Implications for breeding and conservation

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan L. Millspaugh) is a neglected and under-utilized crop consumed in several regions of word. In order to assess performance of pigeonpea landraces grown in Benin for useful breeding programs, 50 accessions were collected from 39 villages. These accessions were characterized by using 12 qualitative and 11 quantitative traits. Based on the seeds morphological characteristics, the 50 accessions were grouped in 12 morphotypes. However, 8 morphological classes were obtained with cluster analysis based on the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic average method using qualitative traits, whereas in principal component analysis only 5 clusters have been obtained using quantitative traits. The association/correlation among quantitative characters showed that grain yield was negatively correlated with pod width, days to 50% flowering and physiological maturity while it was positively correlated with pod length, pods per plant, branches per plant and number of seeds per pod. Based on four quantitative traits (number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 100 seed weight, and early maturity), the 23 accessions from cluster 3 of whom kk5 (Ekloui), kk8 (Nontchiovi kloui), kk15 (Otili founfoun), kk18 (Klouékoun wéwé), kk22 (Otili), kk23 (CA monlikoun) and kk28 (Hounkoun wéwé) have been recommended as good sources of germplasm for improving the pigeonpea productivity. Further characterization using molecular techniques as well as conservation attention should be conducted to confirm the present result and maintain the germplasm for future breeding programs

Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinomas exhibit progenitor features and activation of Wnt and TGFβ signaling pathways

Intrahepatic malignant tumours include hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), cholangiocarcinomas (CC) and combined hepatocholangiocarcinomas (cHCC-CC), a group of rare and poorly characterized tumours that exhibit both biliary and hepatocytic differentiation. The aim of the study was to characterize the molecular pathways specifically associated with cHCC-CC pathogenesis. We performed a genome-wide transcriptional analysis of 20 histologically defined cHCC-CC and compared them with a series of typical HCC and of CC. Data were analysed by gene set enrichment and integrative genomics and results were further validated in situ by tissue microarray using an independent series of 152 tumours. We report that cHCC-CC exhibit stem/progenitor features, a down-regulation of the hepatocyte differentiation program and a commitment to the biliary lineage. TGFβ and Wnt/β-catenin were identified as the two major signalling pathways activated in cHCC-CC. A β-catenin signature distinct from that observed in well-differentiated HCC with mutant β-catenin was found in cHCC-CC. This signature was associated with microenvironment remodelling and TGFβ activation. Furthermore, integrative genomics revealed that cHCC-CC share characteristics of poorly differentiated HCC with stem cell traits and poor prognosis. The common traits displayed by CC, cHCC-CC and some HCC suggest that these tumours could originate from stem/progenitor cell(s) and raised the hypothesis of a potential continuum between intrahepatic CC, cHCC-CC and poorly differentiated HC

Host conservation through their parasites: molecular surveillance of vector-borne microorganisms in bats using ectoparasitic bat flies

Most vertebrates host a wide variety of haematophagous parasites, which may play an important role in the transmission of vector-borne microorganisms to hosts. Surveillance is usually performed by collecting blood and/or tissue samples from vertebrate hosts. There are multiple methods to obtain samples, which can be stored for decades if properly kept. However, blood sampling is considered an invasive method and may possibly be harmful to the sampled individual. In this study, we investigated the use of ectoparasites as a tool to acquire molecular information about the presence and diversity of infectious microorganism in host populations. We tested the presence of three distinct vector-borne microorganisms in both bat blood and bat flies: Bartonella bacteria, malaria-like Polychromophilus sp. (Apicomplexa), and Trypanosoma sp. (Kinetoplastea). We detected the presence of these microorganisms both in bats and in their bat flies, with the exception of Trypanosoma sp. in South African bat flies. Additionally, we found Bartonella sp. in bat flies from one population in Spain, suggesting its presence in the host population even if not detected in bats. Bartonella and Polychromophilus infection showed the highest prevalence in both bat and bat fly populations. Single, co- and triple infections were also frequently present in both. We highlight the use of haematophagous ectoparasites to study the presence of infectious microorganism in host blood and its use as an alternative, less invasive sampling method

Innovations et gouvernance territoriale : une analyse par les dispositifs

Cette communication vise à présenter les outils méthodologiques d'analyse/évaluation de la gouvernance territoriale élaborés dans le cadre du projet de recherche PSDR Gouv.Innov sur les innovations organisationnelles relatives à la gouvernance territoriale. Il s'agit d'étudier les transformations introduites par les politiques de développement durable au niveau des dispositifs de gouvernance territoriale visant à favoriser une gestion intégrée des espaces ruraux. Dans un contexte de recomposition de l'action publique où les procédures d'aménagement sont plutôt normées par des représentations urbaines, l'accent est mis sur la question des modalités de représentation des activités rurales, pour lesquelles nous faisons l'hypothèse qu'elles sont sous représentées. Les premiers résultats méthodologiques permettent, dans une première partie, de proposer une définition générique et pragmatique de la gouvernance territoriale et de préciser la notion de dispositifs de gouvernance comme objet d'observation. A partir de cette définition une grille d'analyse permettant d'appréhender l'ensemble des dimensions en jeu dans les processus de gouvernance territoriale est élaboré. Dans la deuxième partie nous explorons l'intérêt de la notion de dispositif pour observer les processus de gouvernance et proposons une grille de collecte et de structuration des informations pour constituer des chroniques des dispositifs étudiés.(Résumé d'auteur

Prediction of pregnancy state from milk mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy in dairy cows

Submitted 2020-07-14 | Accepted 2020-08-18 | Available 2020-12-01https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2020.23.mi-fpap.224-232Pregnancy assessment is a very important tool for the reproductive management in efficient and profitable dairy farms. Nowadays, mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy is the method of choice in the routine milk recording system for quality control and to determine standard milk components. Since it is well known that there are changes in milk yield and composition during pregnancy, the aim of this study was to develop a discriminant model to predict the pregnancy state from routinely recorded MIR spectral data. The data for this study was from the Austrian milk recording system. Test day records of Fleckvieh, Brown Swiss and Holstein Friesian cows between 3 and 305 days of lactation were included in the study. As predictor variables, the first derivative of 212 selected MIR spectral wavenumbers were used. The data set contained roughly 400,000 records from around 40,000 cows and was randomly split into calibration and validation set by farm. Prediction was done with Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis. Indicators of model fit were sensitivity, specificity, balanced accuracy and Area Under Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC). In a first approach, one discriminant model for all cows across the whole lactation and gestation lengths was applied. The sensitivity and specificity of this model in validation were 0.856 and 0.836, respectively. Splitting up the results for different lactation stages showed that the model was not able to predict pregnant cases before the third month of lactation and vice versa not able to predict non-pregnancy after the third month of lactation. Consequently, in the second approach a prediction model for each different (expected) pregnancy stage and lactation stage was developed. Balanced accuracies ranged from 0.523 to 0.918. 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Mid-infrared prediction of bovine milk fatty acids across multiple breeds, production systems, and countries. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(4), 1657–1667. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3408Soyeurt, H., Bastin, C., Colinet, F. G., Arnould, V. M.-R., Berry, D. P., Wall, E., Dehareng, F., Nguyen, H. N., Pardenne, P., Schefers, J., Vandenplas, J., Weigel, K., Coffey, M., Théron, L., Detilleux, J., Reding, E., Gengler, N. & McParland, S. (2012). Mid-infrared prediction of lactoferrin content in bovine milk: potential indicator of mastitis. Animal, 6(11), 1830–1838. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1751731112000791Toffanin, V., De Marchi, M., Lopez-Villalobos, N., & Cassandro, M. (2015). Effectiveness of mid-infrared spectroscopy for prediction of the contents of calcium and phosphorus, and titratable acidity of milk and their relationship with milk quality and coagulation properties. International Dairy Journal, 41, 68–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idairyj.2014.10.002Vanlierde, A., Vanrobays, M.-L., Dehareng, F., Froidmont, E., Soyeurt, H., McParland, S., S., Lewis, E., Deighton, M. H., Grandl, F., Kreuzer, M., Gredler, B., Dardenne, P. & Gengler, N. (2015). Hot topic: Innovative lactation-stage-dependent prediction of methane emissions from milk mid-infrared spectra. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(8), 5740–5747. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8436Vanlierde, A., Soyeurt, H., Gengler, N., Colinet, F. G., Froidmont, E., Kreuzer, M., Grandl, F., Bell, M., Lund, P., Olijhoek, D. W., Eugéne M., Martin, C., Kuhla, B. & Dehareng, F. (2018). Short communication: Development of an equation for estimating methane emissions of dairy cows from milk Fourier transform mid-infrared spectra by using reference data obtained exclusively from respiration chambers. Journal of Dairy Science, 101(8). https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2018-14472