Levnedsberetning til Ordenskapitlet 1907

H. O. Lange: Levnedsberetning til Ordenskapitlet 1907 Forord ved vicedirektør Svend Larsen, Statsbiblioteket i ÅrhusH. O. Lange: Levnedsberetning til Ordenskapitlet 1907 Forord ved vicedirektør Svend Larsen, Statsbiblioteket i Århu

Induction of Apoptosis and T Helper 2 (Th2) Responses Correlates with Peptide Affinity for the Major Histocompatibility Complex in Self-reactive T Cell Receptor Transgenic Mice

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disease thought to be mediated by CD4+ T helper cells (Th). Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a rodent model of multiple sclerosis and has been used extensively to explore a variety of immunotherapies using soluble protein or peptide antigens. The underlying mechanisms of such therapy have been attributed to induction of T cell anergy, a switch in Th1 to Th2 responses, or peripheral deletion of autoreactive T cells. In this study, we have developed transgenic mice expressing a T cell receptor (TCR) specific for the NH2-terminal peptide Ac1-11 of the autoantigen myelin basic protein to explore the mechanism of soluble peptide therapy. T cells from these mice are highly skewed toward the CD4 population and have an abnormal thymic architecture, a phenomenon found in other TCR transgenic mice that exhibit a highly skewed CD4/CD8 ratio. Soluble Ac1-11 or the analogues Ac1-11[4A] or Ac1-11[4Y] (which bind to the major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class II molecule I-Au with increasing affinities) given intravenously activates T cells, rendering cells hyperresponsive in vitro for at least two days after injection. Concomitantly, T cells apoptose in the periphery, the degree of which correlates with the affinity of the peptide for the MHC. In addition, a shift in the T helper phenotype of the surviving T cells occurs such that the low affinity peptide, Ac1-11, induces primarily a Th1 response, whereas the highest affinity peptide, Ac1-11[4Y], induces primarily a Th2 type response. These data show that both the nature and the presumed number of the peptide–MHC complexes formed during specific peptide therapy affect both the degree of peripheral programmed cell death as well as the outcome of the T helper subset response in vivo, leading to amelioration of disease

Molecular Mechanism of the Constitutive Activation of the L250Q Human Melanocortin-4 Receptor Polymorphism †

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65471/1/j.1747-0285.2006.00362.x.pd

Measuring livelihoods and environmental dependence: methods for research and fieldwork

Thousands of surveys on rural livelihoods in developing countries are being done every year. Unfortunately, many suffer from weaknesses in methods and problems in implementation. Quantifying households' dependence on multiple environmental resources (forests, bush, grasslands and rivers) is particularly difficult and often simply ignored in the surveys. The results therefore do not reflect rural realities. In particular, 'the hidden harvest' from natural resources is generally too important to livelihoods for development research, policies and practice to ignore. Fieldwork using state-of-the-art methods, and in particular well-designed household questionnaires, thus becomes an imperative to adequately capture key dimensions of rural welfare. This book describes how to do a better job when designing and implementing household and village surveys for quantitative assessment of rural livelihoods in developing countries. It covers the entire research process from planning to sharing research results. It draws on the experiences from a large global-comparative project, the Poverty Environment Network (PEN), to develop more robust and validated methods, enriched by numerous practical examples from the field. The book will provide an invaluable guide to methods and a practical handbook for students and professionals

Analysing household-level poverty dynamics in rural communities in developing countries

The forest literature on poverty dynamics in forest reliant communities in developing countries is almost entirely based on cross-sectional assessments of the relative contribution of forest to total household income. These snap-shot pictures provide information on the current consumption and gap filling functions of forests but they do not allow an analysis and understanding of the role of forests in contributing towards escaping poverty. To address this issue, we use panel income data collected quarterly in 2006 and 2009 in the same households (n=416) in three sites in Nepal. The data is used to develop dynamic models which categorize households with regards to their expected wealth status and assess the weight of the eight major income sources in each category. Preliminary analyses show that 32 households moved into poverty, 98 moved out of poverty, 42 remained poor and 274 households remained non-poor. The main income source for households that became poor was livestock, with forest income coming in fourth both in 2006 and 2009. For those who moved out of poverty, the main income source was livestock in 2006 and remittances in 2009. Forest income dropped from the fourth to the seventh most important income source. For those who remained non-poor, their main income source was business in both years. Forest income dropped from sixth to the seventh most important source of income. Lastly, for those who remained poor, the main income source was wages in 2006 and livestock in 2009. Forest income dropped from the third to the sixth most important income source. Forest plays a minor role for most households, and does not appear to play any significant role in allowing households to move out of poverty. Thus forests appear more important in preventing than reducing poverty. There is also a trend favouring income sources such as remittances, livestock and business income. This could be as a result of increased forest restrictions or increased opportunities in other income sectors

Climate induced temperature effects on growth performance, fecundity and recruitment in marine fish: developing a hypothesis for cause and effect relationships in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and common eelpout (Zoarces viviparus).

Effects of global warming on animal distribution and performance become visible in many marine ecosystems. The present study was designed to develop a concept for a cause and effect understanding with respect to temperature changes and to explain ecological findings based on physiological processes. The concept is based on a wide comparison of invertebrate and fish species with a special focus on recent data obtained in two model species of fish. These fish species are both characterized by northern and southern distribution limits in the North Atlantic: eelpout (Zoarces viviparus), as a typical non-migrating inhabitant of the coastal zone and the cod (Gadus morhua), as a typical inhabitant of the continental shelf with a high importance for fisheries. Mathematical modelling demonstrates a clear significant correlation between climate induced temperature fluctuations and the recruitment of cod stocks. Growth performance in cod is optimal at temperatures close to 10 degreesC, regardless of the population investigated in a latitudinal cline. However, temperature specific growth rates decrease at higher latitudes. Also, fecundity is less in White Sea than in North and Baltic Sea cod or eelpout populations. These findings suggest that a cold-induced shift in energy budget occurs which is unfavorable for growth performance and fecundity. Thermal tolerance limits shift depending on latitude and are characterized by oxygen limitation at both low or high temperatures. Oxygen supply to tissues is optimized at low temperature by a shift in hemoglobin isoforms and oxygen binding properties to lower affinities and higher unloading potential. Protective stimulation of heat shock protein synthesis was not observed. According to a recent model of thermal tolerance the downward shift of tolerance limits during cold adaptation is associated with rising mitochondrial densities and, thus, aerobic capacity and performance in the cold. especially in eurythermal species. At the same time the costs of mitochondrial maintenance reflected by mitochondrial proton leakage should rise leaving a lower energy fraction for growth and reproduction. The preliminary conclusion can be drawn that warming will cause a northern shift of distribution limits for both species with a rise in growth performance and fecundity larger than expected from the Q(10) effect in the north and lower growth or even extinction of the species in the south. Such a shift may heavily affect fishing activities in the North Sea