Summary report of Committee B

Topics discussed in this summary include: (1) general aviation and services; (2) aircraft design; and (3) simulation. It was concluded that private pilots need to be more knowledgeable about weather. Improvement is needed in providing general aviation pilots with changes in the weather reporting and forecasting systems. There should also be some simulation of various severe shear profiles in training simulators, although there is still a problem in simulating shear conditions using mathematical models and data

FIRE aircraft observations of horizontal and vertical transport in marine stratocumulus

A major goal of research on marine stratocumulus is to try to understand the processes that generate and dissipate them. One approach to studying this problem is to investigate the boundary layer structure in the vicinity of a transition from a cloudy to a cloud-free region to document the differences in structure on each side of the transition. Since stratiform clouds have a major impact on the radiation divergence in the boundary layer, the transition from a cloudy to a clear boundary layer is a region of large horizontal inhomogeneity in air temperature and turbulence intensity. This leads to a considerable difference in horizontal and vertical transports between the cloudy and cloud-free regions. Measurements are used from the NCAR Electra aircraft during flights 5 (7 July 1987) and 10 (18 July 1987) of FIRE for this purpose. Flight 5 coincided with a LANDSAT overflight, and was designed to investigate the transition across a well-defined N-S cloud boundary, since the LANDSAT image can document the cloud cover in considerable detail. Turbulence legs were flown about 60 km on both sides of the cloud boundary. Flight 10 was flown at night in an area of scattered small cumuli and broken cloud patches

Global tropospheric chemistry: Chemical fluexes in the global atmosphere

In October 1987, NSF, NASA, and NOAA jointly sponsored a workshop at Columbia University to assess the experimental tools and analysis procedures in use and under development to measure and understand gas and particle fluxes across this critical air-surface boundary. Results are presented for that workshop. It is published to summarize the present understanding of the various measurement techniques that are available, identify promising new technological developments for improved measurements, and stimulate thinking about this important measurement challenge

A study of marine stratocumulus using lidar and other FIRE aircraft observations

The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) airborne infrared lidar system (NAILS) used in the 1987 First ISCCP Regional Experiment (FIRE) off the coast of California is a 10.6 microns wavelength carbon dioxide lidar system constructed by Ron Schwiesow and co-workers at NCAR. The lidar is particularly well suited for detailed observations of cloud shapes; i.e., height of cloud top (when flying above cloud and looking down) and cloud base (when flying below cloud and looking up) along the flight path. A brief summary of the lidar design characteristics is given. The lidar height resolution of plus or minus 3 m allows for the distance between the aircraft and cloud edge to be determined with this accuracy; however, the duration of the emitted pulse is approximately 3 microseconds, which corresponds to a 500 m pulse length. Therefore, variations in backscatter intensities within the clouds can normally not be resolved. Hence the main parameter obtainable from the lidar is distance to cloud; in some cases the cloud depth can also be determined. During FIRE the lidar was operational on 7 of the 10 Electra flights, and data were taken when the distance between cloud and aircraft (minimum range) was at least 500 m. The lidar was usually operated at 8 Hz, which at a flight speed of 100 m s(-1) translates into a horizontal resolution of about 12 m. The backscatter as function of time (equivalent to distance) for each laser pulse is stored in digital form on magnetic tape. Currently, three independent variables are available to the investigators on the FIRE Electra data tapes: lidar range to cloud, strength of return (relative power), and pulse width of return, which is related to penetration depth

Antiviral Properties of ISG15

The type I interferon system plays a critical role in limiting the spread of viral infection. Viruses induce the production of interferon (IFN), which after binding to the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR), and triggering of the JAK/STAT signaling cascade, results in the induction of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). These ISGs function to inhibit viral replication and to regulate the host immune response. Among these ISGs, the ubiquitin-like molecule, ISG15, is one of the most strongly induced proteins. Similar to ubiquitin, through an IFN induced conjugation cascade, ISG15 is covalently linked to a variety of cellular proteins, suggesting regulation of different cellular processes. Studies performed over the past several years have shown that ISG15 plays a central role in the host’s antiviral response against many viruses. Mice lacking ISG15 display increased susceptibility to multiple viruses. Furthermore, several viruses have developed immune evasion strategies that directly target the ISG15 pathway. Work is now underway to determine the mechanism by which ISG15 functions as an antiviral molecule, such that therapies targeting this pathway can be developed in the future

Change as "Appropriate Adaptation": Administrative Adjustment to European Environmental Policy in Britain and Germany

This paper is looking at European environmental policy from the "second image reversed" perspective. Specifically, it investigates the conditions under which we see administrative change in the EU member states as a consequence of the implementation of EU environmental policies. We adopt a comparative research design analyzing the impact of four environmental policies in Britain and Germany to trace the conditions for adaptation in the context of different administrative structures and traditions. As a starting hypothesis we adopt the institutionalist expectation that administrative adaptation depends on the "goodness of fit" between European policy requirements and existing national structures and procedures. On the basis of our empirical evidence we further refine the notion of "goodness of fit" by looking at the level of embeddedness of national structures in the overall administrative tradition from a static and dynamic perspective. Furthermore, we develop an explanatory framework that links sociological and rational choice variants of institutional analysis

EFEKTIVITAS PENGGUNAAN APLIKASI TOUCH AND CORRECT DALAM PELAFALAN UMLAUT PADA BAHASA JERMAN

Berbicara merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam pembelajaran bahasa Jerman. Siswa dituntut untuk mempunyai pelafalan yang baik, agar dipahami oleh lawan bicara dan tidak terjadi kesalahpahaman. Namun terkadang mereka mengalami kesulitan dalam melafalkan kata-kata dalam bahasa Jerman secara benar, karena pelafalan beberapa bunyi kata dalam bahasa Jerman berbeda dengan pelafalan dalam bahasa Indonesia, misalnya dalam bunyi Umlaut ( ä, ü, ö ). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan media pembelajaran agar dapat meningkatkan kemampuan mereka dalam melafalkan kata-kata bahasa Jerman. Berdasarkan masalah tersebut, dalam penelitian ini dicoba digunakan media pembelajaran yaitu aplikasi Touch and Correct. Aplikasi Touch and Correct merupakan sebuah inovasi media pembelajaran berupa aplikasi software yang diterapkan pada telepon genggam berbasis android. Aplikasi ini memiliki cara penggunaan yang hampir sama dengan e-learning. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: 1) Kemampuan siswa dalam melafalkan Umlaut pada bahasa Jerman sebelum penerapan aplikasi Touch and Correct, 2) Kemampuan siswa dalam melafalkan Umlaut pada bahasa Jerman setelah penerapan aplikasi Touch and Correct, 3) Efektivitas aplikasi Touch and Correct untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa dalam melafalkan Umlaut pada bahasa Jerman. Populasi dan sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X yang mengikuti pelajaran bahasa Jerman di SMA Negeri 1 Cianjur Tahun Ajaran 2015/2016. Sampel yang digunakan adalah siswa kelas X IPA 6 yang berjumlah 30 siswa. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode kuasi eksperimen dengan satu kelompok eksperimen. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dan dihitung secara statistik. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1) Kemampuan siswa dalam melafalkan Umlaut sebelum diberikan perlakuan tergolong cukup, yakni dengan nilai rata-rata sebesar 57,77. 2) Kemampuan siswa dalam melafalkan Umlaut setelah diberikan perlakuan tergolong baik, yakni 73,72. 3) Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara hasil pretest dan posttest. Hal tersebut dibuktikan oleh hasil penghitungan dengan menggunakan t-Test (thitung =13,23 > ttabel=1,69). Dengan demikian dapat dikatakan bahwa penggunaan aplikasi “Touch and Correct” dapat meningkatkan kemampuan pelafalan Umlaut siswa. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian di atas disarankan bahwa guru dapat menggunakan aplikasi Touch and Correct untuk melatih pelafalan Umlaut siswa. Sprechen ist eines der wichtigsten Aspekten im Deutschunterricht. Die Schüler müssen gute Aussprache haben, so dass es für den Gesprächspartner gut verstanden wird, und dabei auch Missverständnisse zu vermeiden. Aber sie haben manchmal Schwierigkeiten, die deutschen Wörter richtig auszusprechen, weil die Lautbildung einiger Wörtern in der deutschen Sprache ganz unterschiedlich im Vergleich der Aussprache im Indonesischen ist, zum Beispiel bei den Umlauten ( ä, ü, ö ). Sie brauchen deshalb Unterrichtsmedien, um ihre Aussprache bei deutschen Wörtern zu verbessern. Ausgehend von diesen Überlegungen wird in dieser Untersuchung versucht, die Applikation Touch and Correct einzusetzen. Touch and Correct ist eine neue Innovation auf Handy, die man auch als Unterrichtsmedien anwenden könnte. Diese App hat gleiche Bedienungsanleitungen wie bei dem E-learning. Diese Untersuchung hat folgende Ziele: 1) um die Fähigkeit der Lernenden oder den Schülern beim Umlaut-Aussprechen vor der Anwendung von „Touch and Correct“ zu erkennen, 2) um die Fähigkeit der Lernenden beim Umlaut-Aussprechen nach der Anwendung von „Touch and Correct“ zu beschreiben, 3) um die Effektivität der Applikation „Touch and Correct“ zur Steigerung der Fähigkeit der Umlaut-Aussprechen herauszufinden. Die Population und die Probanden der Untersuchung waren alle Schüler der zehnten Klasse an der SMAN 1 Cianjur, die im Schuljahr 2015/2016 sind. Als Probanden wurden 30 Schüler (Klasse X IPA 6). In dieser Untersuchung wurde die Quasi-Experimentmethode mit dem One Group Pretest-Posttest Design verwendet. Dann wurden die gesammelten Daten analysiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung werden wie folgendes dargestellt: 1) Die Fähigkeit der Lernenden oder den Schülern beim Umlaut-Aussprechen vor der Behandlung gehört zur Kategorie ausreichend, mit dem durchschnittlichen Note 57,77. 2) Die Fähigkeit der Lernenden beim Umlaut-Aussprechen nach der Behandlung gehört zur Kategorie gut, mit dem durchschnittlichen Note 73,72. 3) Es gibt einen signifikanten Unterschied zwischen dem Ergebnis des Vortests und dem Ergebnis des Nachtests. Das wurde durch das Ergebnis der Berechnung mit t-Test (tRechnung= 13,23 > tTabelle=1,69) bewiesen. Das bedeutet, dass die Anwendung der Applikation “Touch and Correct” die Umlaut-Aussprechen der Schüler verbessern kann. Ausgehend von den obigen Ergebnissen wird den Lehrern dann vorgeschlagen, die Applikation Touch and Correct im Deutschunterricht im Bezug auf die Verbesserung der Umlaut-Aussprechen der Schüler einzusetzen

Differential effects of anti-B7-1 and anti-B7-2 monoclonal antibody treatment on the development of diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse.

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is thought to be an immunologically mediated disease resulting in the complete destruction of the insulin-producing islets of Langerhans. It has become increasingly clear that autoreactive T cells play a major role in the development and progression of this disease. In this study, we examined the role of the CD28/B7 costimulation pathway in the development and progression of autoimmune diabetes in the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse model. Female NOD mice treated at the onset of insulitis (2-4 wk of age) with CTLA4Ig immunoglobulin (Ig) (a soluble CD28 antagonist) or a monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for B7-2 (a CD28 ligand) did not develop diabetes. However, neither of these treatments altered the disease process when administered late, at > 10 wk of age. Histological examination of islets from the various treatment groups showed that while CTLA4Ig and anti-B7-2 mAb treatment blocked the development of diabetes, these reagents had little effect on the development or severity of insulitis. Together these results suggest that blockade of costimulatory signals by CTLA4Ig or anti-B7-2 acts early in disease development, after insulitis but before the onset of frank diabetes. NOD mice were also treated with mAbs to another CD28 ligand, B7-1. In contrast to the previous results, the anti-B7-1 treatment significantly accelerated the development of disease in female mice and, most interestingly, induced diabetes in normally resistant male mice. A combination of anti-B7-1 and anti-B7-2 mAbs also resulted in an accelerated onset of diabetes, similar to that observed with anti-B7-1 mAb treatment alone, suggesting that anti-B7-1 mAb's effect was dominant. Furthermore, treatment with anti-B7-1 mAbs resulted in a more rapid and severe infiltrate. Finally, T cells isolated from the pancreas of these anti-B7-1-treated animals exhibited a more activated phenotype than T cells isolated from any of the other treatment groups. These studies demonstrate that costimulatory signals play an important role in the autoimmune process, and that different members of the B7 family have distinct regulatory functions during the development of autoimmune diabetes