Manejo da ferrugem asiática da soja com aplicações de fungicidas iniciadas na detecção do patógeno ou posteriores

A ferrugem asiática é a principal doença na cultura da soja. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito dos fungicidas à base de estrobilurina + triazol aplicados em diferentes momentos, na detecção e após a detecção da ferrugem asiática na área experimental. A segunda aplicação aproximadamente três semanas após a primeira. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nas safras 2006/07, 2008/09, 2009/10 e 2010/11, em Dourados – MS. Avaliou-se área foliar lesionada, o número de lesões e urédias por folíolo de cada terço da planta foram avaliados. A partir destes dados calculou-se a área abaixo da curva de progresso de lesões e urédias (AACPD). Foram avaliados também produção, massa de mil grãos e desfolha. Todos os ensaios foram conduzidos no delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições, exceto o realizado na safra 2006/07 com seis repetições. Nas quatro safras, aplicações de fungicidas, independente da época resultou em menores quantidades de doença em relação a testemunha, nos terços médio e inferior. Na safra 2008/09 não foi detectado efeito do fungicida sobre a produtividade. Em 2006/2007, 2008/09 e 2009/10, parcelas que receberam fungicida apresentaram menor porcentagem de desfolha. Na safra 2010/11, a aplicação na detecção da doença apresentou incremento na produção. O controle mais eficaz da doença ocorreu quando a primeira aplicação de fungicidas foi realizada mais próxima da detecção do patógeno na área

Children\u27s Health in Latin America: The Influence of Environmental Exposures

Background:Chronic diseases are increasing among children in Latin America. Objective and Methods:To examine environmental risk factors for chronic disease in LatinAmerican children and to develop a strategic initiative for control of these exposures, the WorldHealth Organization (WHO) including the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), the Collegium Ramazzini, and Latin American scientists reviewed regional and relevant global data. Findings: Industrial development and urbanization are proceeding rapidly in Latin America and environmental pollution has become widespread. Environmental threats to children\u27s health include traditional hazards such as indoor air pollution and drinking water contamination; as well as the newer hazards of urban air pollution; toxic chemicals such as lead, asbestos, mercury,arsenic, and pesticides;hazardous and electronic waste;and climate change. The mix of traditional and modern hazards varies greatly across and within countries reflecting industrialization, urbanization and socioeconomic forces. Conclusions: To control environmental threats to children\u27s health in Latin America, WHO, including PAHO will focus on the most highly prevalent and serious hazards - indoor and outdoor air pollution, water pollution, and toxic chemicals. Strategies for controlling these hazards include developing tracking data on regional trends in children\u27s environmental health(CEH); building a network of Collaborating Centres; promoting biomedical research in CEH;building regional capacity; supporting development of evidence-based prevention policies; studying the economic costs of chronic diseases in children; and developing platforms for dialogue with relevant stakeholders.

The Influence of Number and Timing of Pregnancies on Breast Cancer Risk for Women With BRCA1 or BRCA2 Mutations

International audienceBACKGROUND:Full-term pregnancy (FTP) is associated with a reduced breast cancer (BC) risk over time, but women are at increased BC risk in the immediate years following an FTP. No large prospective studies, however, have examined whether the number and timing of pregnancies are associated with BC risk for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.METHODS:Using weighted and time-varying Cox proportional hazards models, we investigated whether reproductive events are associated with BC risk for mutation carriers using a retrospective cohort (5707 BRCA1 and 3525 BRCA2 mutation carriers) and a prospective cohort (2276 BRCA1 and 1610 BRCA2 mutation carriers), separately for each cohort and the combined prospective and retrospective cohort.RESULTS:For BRCA1 mutation carriers, there was no overall association with parity compared with nulliparity (combined hazard ratio [HRc] = 0.99, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.83 to 1.18). Relative to being uniparous, an increased number of FTPs was associated with decreased BC risk (HRc = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.69 to 0.91; HRc = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.59 to 0.82; HRc = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.63, for 2, 3, and ≥4 FTPs, respectively, P trend < .0001) and increasing duration of breastfeeding was associated with decreased BC risk (combined cohort P trend = .0003). Relative to being nulliparous, uniparous BRCA1 mutation carriers were at increased BC risk in the prospective analysis (prospective hazard ration [HRp] = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.09 to 2.62). For BRCA2 mutation carriers, being parous was associated with a 30% increase in BC risk (HRc = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.69), and there was no apparent decrease in risk associated with multiparity except for having at least 4 FTPs vs. 1 FTP (HRc = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.54 to 0.98).CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest differential associations with parity between BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with higher risk for uniparous BRCA1 carriers and parous BRCA2 carriers

Correction to: Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy, natural menopause, and breast cancer risk: an international prospective cohort of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers.

After publication of the original article [1], we were notified that columns in Table 2 were erroneously displayed

Outcome beyond third-line chemotherapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer in the French ESME program

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The ongoing French metastatic breast cancer (MBC) cohort: the example-based methodology of the Epidemiological Strategy and Medical Economics (ESME)

International audiencePurpose The currently ongoing Epidemiological Strategy and Medical Economics (ESME) research programme aims at centralising real-life data on oncology care for epidemiological research purposes. We draw on results from the metastatic breast cancer (MBC) cohort to illustrate the methodology used for data collection in the ESME research programme. Participants All consecutive ≥18 years patients with MBC treatment initiated between 2008 and 2014 in one of the 18 French Comprehensive Cancer Centres were selected. Diagnostic, therapeutic and follow-up data (demographics, primary tumour, metastatic disease, treatment patterns and vital status) were collected through the course of the disease. Data collection is updated annually. Finding to date With a recruitment target of 30 000 patients with MBC by 2019, we currently screened a total of 45 329 patients, and >16 700 patients with a metastatic disease treatment initiated after 2008 have been selected. 20.7% of patients had an hormone receptor (HR)-negative MBC, 73.7% had a HER2-negative MBC and 13.9% were classified as triple-negative BC (ie, HER2 and HR status both negative). Median follow-up duration from MBC diagnosis was 48.55 months for the whole cohort. Future plans These real-world data will help standardise the management of MBC and improve patient care. A dozen of ancillary research projects have been conducted and some of them are already accepted for publication or ready to be issued. The ESME research programme is expanding to ovarian cancer and advanced/metastatic lung cancer. Our ultimate goal is to achieve a continuous link to the data of the cohort to the French national Health Data System for centralising data on healthcare reimbursement (drugs, medical procedures), inpatient/outpatient stays and visits in primary/secondary care settings

Water Pricing and Public-Private Partnership in the Americas

Because of the complexities associated with the water pricing and public-private partnership issue and their relevance to water management of the future, the Third World Water Centre for Water Management, the Inter-American Development Bank and the Agencia Nacional de Aguas of Brazil sponsored two focused workshops on water pricing in Brasilia, held on June 3rd-5th, 2002 and on public-private partnership in the water sector in Mexico City, held on September 25th-27th, 2003. The main objective of both the workshops were to assess the experiences from North and South America on the issues concerned in an objective and critical manner. Papers for each of the two workshops were specially commissioned. Following the discussions at the two workshops, the authors revised their papers, and this publication includes the selected and revised papers

Water Pricing and Public-Private Partnership in the Americas

Because of the complexities associated with the water pricing and public-private partnership issue and their relevance to water management of the future, the Third World Water Centre for Water Management, the Inter-American Development Bank and the Agencia Nacional de Aguas of Brazil sponsored two focused workshops on water pricing in Brasilia, held on June 3rd-5th, 2002 and on public-private partnership in the water sector in Mexico City, held on September 25th-27th, 2003. The main objective of both the workshops were to assess the experiences from North and South America on the issues concerned in an objective and critical manner. Papers for each of the two workshops were specially commissioned. Following the discussions at the two workshops, the authors revised their papers, and this publication includes the selected and revised papers