10 research outputs found

    Experimental characterization of the 3D dynamics of a laminar shallow vortex dipole

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    Experimental results on the dynamics of a vortex dipole evolving in a shallow fluid layer are presented. In particular, the generation of a spanwise vortex at the front of the dipole is observed in agreement with previous experiments at larger Reynolds numbers. The results show that this secondary vortex is of comparable strength to the dipole. The present physical analysis suggests that the origin of this structure involves the stretching induced by the dipole of the boundary-layer vorticity generated by the dipole's advection over the no-slip bottom

    Étude des dĂ©fauts de type vides pour la maĂźtrise du procĂ©dĂ© RTM

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    LE HAVRE-BU Centrale (763512101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Etude et simulation physique des effets parasites dans les HEMTs AlGaN/GaN

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    Le dĂ©veloppement des systĂšmes de tĂ©lĂ©communication et de transfert d informations motive la mise au point de systĂšmes de transmission qui permettent des dĂ©bits plus Ă©levĂ©s sur des distances plus grandes. De ce fait, les transistors utilisĂ©s dans ces systĂšmes doivent fonctionner Ă  des frĂ©quences et des puissances plus Ă©levĂ©es. DiffĂ©rents transistors sont apparus pour rĂ©pondre au mieux aux contraintes des applications visĂ©es par ces systĂšmes. Les transistors Ă  haute mobilitĂ© Ă©lectronique, HEMT, en nitrure de gallium (GaN) rĂ©pondent actuellement aux applications allant de 1GHz Ă  30GHz. Pour ces applications, les HEMT GaN concurrencent avantageusement les technologies bipolaires et BiCMOS basĂ©es sur SiGe, les LDMOS Si et SiC, ainsi que les PHEMT GaAs. MĂȘme si la filiĂšre technologique GaN est encore rĂ©cente, les HEMT GaN semblent prometteurs. A l image des autres technologies III-V (InP, GaAs), les procĂ©dĂ©s de fabrication utilisĂ©s pour les HEMT AlGaN/GaN sont complexes et entraĂźnent la formation de nombreux dĂ©fauts cristallins. Des effets parasites de fonctionnement sont induits par des mĂ©canismes physiques qui pĂ©nalisent le transport des porteurs dans la structure. De ce fait, Ă  l heure actuelle, ces effets parasites ont une influence nĂ©gative sur les performances de ce transistor. Ils sont principalement liĂ©s aux piĂšges Ă  Ă©lectrons induits par des impuretĂ©s prĂ©sentes dans le matĂ©riau ou des dĂ©fauts cristallins. MalgrĂ© cela, les performances sont trĂšs prometteuses et rivalisent dĂ©jĂ  avec d autres technologies hyperfrĂ©quences (InP, GaAs, SiC et Si) puisque les HEMTs AlGaN/GaN dĂ©bitent des puissances de 4W/mm Ă  30GHz [ITRS08]. Les travaux prĂ©sentĂ©s dans ce manuscrit sont consacrĂ©s Ă  l'Ă©tude des phĂ©nomĂšnes parasites dans les HEMTs AlGaN/GaN. Les composants Ă©tudiĂ©s dans ce travail proviennent du programme blanc ANR CARDYNAL et ont Ă©tĂ© fabriquĂ©s par III-V Lab Alcatel-Thales. Une mĂ©thodologie a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©velopper afin de permettre la simulation TCAD d un HEMT GaN dans l objectif de valider ou d invalider les origines des mĂ©canismes de dĂ©gradation ainsi que des effets parasites. Le courant de grille a Ă©tĂ© spĂ©cialement Ă©tudiĂ© et un modĂšle analytique permettant de le dĂ©crire en fonction de la tempĂ©rature a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©veloppĂ©. Les mĂ©canismes de transport Ă  travers la grille ont aussi Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s par simulation TCAD afin de les localiser gĂ©ographiquement dans la structure du transistor.III-V nitrides have attracted intense interest recently for applications in high-temperature, high-power electronic devices operating at microwave frequencies. Great progress has been made in recent years to improve the characteristics of nitride High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs). However, it's necessary to study the mecanisms involved in the electron transport as the mechanic strain on the AlGaN layer, the fixed charge distribution and leakage currents. In this goal, from DC I-V measurements, pulsed I-V measurements and DCTS measurements, TCAD simulation are used to validate the assumption on the origin of the parasitic mechanisms on the electron transport. I-V measurement in temperature (from 100K to 200K) are used to identify the nature of mechanisms (Poole-Frenkel, band-to-band tunneling, thermionic,..). With this method, an accurate study of the gate current was done. To choose the different physical phenomena and which model to implement in the TCAD simulations, an analytical model was developed with a compraison with measurements. These mechanisms are validated by TCAD simulation. The comparaison between I-V measurements and simulation permit to localize (in the transistor) these parasitic mechanisms. In conclusion of this work, a high density of traps in a thin layer under the gate increase the probability of tunnelling current through the gate. When the gate bias increases, the high density of traps in AlGaN layer is using by electrons to leak by the gate. When the gate bias increases, the valence band in AlGaN layer is aligned with the conduction band in the channel. The very thin thickness of this layer (about 25nm) makes possible a band-to-band tunneling.BORDEAUX1-Bib.electronique (335229901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Cet obscur objet d’un dĂ©sir contrariĂ©

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    L’article propose de revisiter les tensions entre conservation-restauration et archĂ©ologie en se focalisant sur le sujet commun mĂȘme de leurs pratiques : l’objet. Un survol de l’histoire des relations entre les deux disciplines, au dĂ©part associĂ©es, suggĂšre que c’est autour des changements du statut heuristique de l’objet que s’est opĂ©rĂ©e une division des tĂąches. Quand l’archĂ©ologie a tendance Ă  subordonner la matĂ©rialitĂ© des objets Ă  la question des contextes et des milieux et les envisage comme signes supports de discours, la conservation-restauration les aborde davantage comme ensembles d’indices matĂ©riels. Cette division entre construction d’un discours historicisant et production matĂ©rielle d’un savoir relĂšgue alors le travail de conservation-restauration Ă  une position subalterne. L’article suggĂšre que le travail effectuĂ© sur l’objet par les conservatrices-restauratrices fait plus que le restaurer, elles restaurent Ă©galement la position centrale qu’occupe sa matĂ©rialitĂ© dans la production du savoir archĂ©ologique.This paper revisits the tensions between conservation-restoration and archaeology through the common subject of their practice: the object. A brief overview of the history of the relations between these two disciplines, originally associated, suggests that it is the change in the heuristic status of the object that led to a division of the tasks. Whilst archaeology tends to submit the materiality of the object to issues of contexts and environments, giving it the role of a prompts for interpretations, conservation tends to approach the object as a bundle of material indexes. This division between the construction of historical discourses and material production of knowledge ends up giving the work of conservation a subaltern position. Instead, the paper suggests that conservators, in addition to restoring the object materially, also restore the centrality of its materiality in the production of archaeological knowledge

    Étudier, conserver, restaurer le mobilier archĂ©ologique

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    L'objectif de ce numéro des Nouvelles de l'archéologie est de dresser un portrait actualisé de la conservation-restauration en archéologie et de son rÎle dans la pratique de la recherche archéologique. Les articles mettent en évidence les compétences et les champs d'action du conservateur-restaurateur, afin de permettre à l'archéologue de mesurer l'importance de l'interdisciplinarité et la personne-ressource que représente le conservateur-restaurateur. Ils insistent sur le caractÚre méthodologique et déontologique, au delà de la technique. Le parti pris de ce numéro est d'exclure le monde des musées, cadre institutionnel déjà bien défini en matiÚre de conservation-restauration, et de se centrer sur la chaßne opératoire de l'archéologie. Ce numéro propose une approche originale : l'écriture à deux voix (conservateur-restaurateur/archéologue/régisseur/conservateur)

    OZCAR : The French Network of Critical Zone Observatories

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    [Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU [ADD1_IRSTEA]HydrosystĂšmes et risques naturels [Departement_IRSTEA]Eaux [TR1_IRSTEA]ARCEAU [ADD1_IRSTEA]HydrosystĂšmes et risques naturelsSpecial Section: Hydrological ObservatoriesInternational audienceThe French critical zone initiative, called OZCAR (Observatoires de la Zone Critique-Application et Recherche or Critical Zone Observatories-Application and Research) is a National Research Infrastructure (RI). OZCAR-RI is a network of instrumented sites, bringing together 21 pre-existing research observatories monitoring different compartments of the zone situated between "the rock and the sky," the Earth's skin or critical zone (CZ), over the long term. These observatories are regionally based and have specific initial scientific questions, monitoring strategies, databases, and modeling activities. The diversity of OZCAR-RI observatories and sites is well representative of the heterogeneity of the CZ and of the scientific communities studying it. Despite this diversity, all OZCAR-RI sites share a main overarching mandate, which is to monitor, understand, and predict ("earthcast") the fluxes of water and matter of the Earth's near surface and how they will change in response to the "new climatic regime." The vision for OZCAR strategic development aims at designing an open infrastructure, building a national CZ community able to share a systemic representation of the CZ , and educating a new generation of scientists more apt to tackle the wicked problem of the Anthropocene. OZCAR articulates around: (i) a set of common scientific questions and cross-cutting scientific activities using the wealth of OZCAR-RI observatories, (ii) an ambitious instrumental development program, and (iii) a better interaction between data and models to integrate the different time and spatial scales. Internationally, OZCAR-RI aims at strengthening the CZ community by providing a model of organization for pre-existing observatories and by offering CZ instrumented sites. OZCAR is one of two French mirrors of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructure (eLTER-ESFRI) project

    High Risk of Anal and Rectal Cancer in Patients With Anal and/or Perianal Crohn’s Disease

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    International audienceBackground & AimsLittle is known about the magnitude of the risk of anal and rectal cancer in patients with anal and/or perineal Crohn’s disease. We aimed to assess the risk of anal and rectal cancer in patients with Crohn’s perianal disease followed up in the Cancers Et Surrisque AssociĂ© aux Maladies Inflammatoires Intestinales En France (CESAME) cohort.MethodsWe collected data from 19,486 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) enrolled in the observational CESAME study in France, from May 2004 through June 2005; 14.9% of participants had past or current anal and/or perianal Crohn’s disease. Subjects were followed up for a median time of 35 months (interquartile range, 29–40 mo). To identify risk factors for anal cancer in the total CESAME population, we performed a case-control study in which participants were matched for age and sex.ResultsAmong the total IBD population, 8 patients developed anal cancer and 14 patients developed rectal cancer. In the subgroup of 2911 patients with past or current anal and/or perianal Crohn’s lesions at cohort entry, 2 developed anal squamous-cell carcinoma, 3 developed perianal fistula–related adenocarcinoma, and 6 developed rectal cancer. The corresponding incidence rates were 0.26 per 1000 patient-years for anal squamous-cell carcinoma, 0.38 per 1000 patient-years for perianal fistula–related adenocarcinoma, and 0.77 per 1000 patient-years for rectal cancer. Among the 16,575 patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease without anal or perianal lesions, the incidence rate of anal cancer was 0.08 per 1000 patient-years and of rectal cancer was 0.21 per 1000 patient-years. Among factors tested by univariate conditional regression (IBD subtype, disease duration, exposure to immune-suppressive therapy, presence of past or current anal and/or perianal lesions), the presence of past or current anal and/or perianal lesions at cohort entry was the only factor significantly associated with development of anal cancer (odds ratio, 11.2; 95% CI, 1.18-551.51; P = .03).ConclusionsIn an analysis of data from the CESAME cohort in France, patients with anal and/or perianal Crohn’s disease have a high risk of anal cancer, including perianal fistula–related cancer, and a high risk of rectal cancer
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