169 research outputs found

    Corporate Social Responsibility before CSR Practices at the Company Aluminium du Cameroun, 1950s-1970s.

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    Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a relatively recent phenomenon for companies and their stakeholders. However, we cannot ignore its historical roots. Many companies, especially in industry, developed social and environmental policies and practices a long time ago. These practical and historical dimensions still remain absent from the academic literature on CSR. In this paper, we set out to study a case over an extended period—from 1950s until 1970s—in order to understand how manufacturers took into account the various economic, social and environmental aspects of their activity, when they made an investment and subsequently ran an aluminium production site. The case of the company Alucam, implanted in Cameroon, shows how manufacturers integrated the Triple Bottom Line well before the ‘invention’ of CSR. Since i ts creation in 1957, this plant designed to produce primary aluminium has systematically applied a policy that simultaneously integrated the economic, environmental and social impacts of its activity. However, such visible permanency masks important changes in the way that CSR has been applied over time. This case study provides a better understanding of the process of building CSR in the aluminium industry. With that goal in mind, our methodology is historical. Research was mainly carried out by means of studying the Alucam archives. Such empirical research, highlighting the reality of the practices implemented in companies, constitutes an original contribution to the history of CSR.responsabilitĂ© sociale des entreprises; case study; history; environment; development; paternalism; Corporate Social Responsibility;

    L'entreprise verte et les boues rouges. Les pratiques controversées de la responsabilité sociétale à l'usine d'alumine de Gardanne (1960-1966)

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    La responsabilitĂ© sociĂ©tale de l'entreprise (RSE) qui fait l'objet depuis quelques annĂ©es de travaux de recherche abondants et fĂ©conds (Aggeri et al., 2005 ; Capron & Quairel LanoizelĂ©e, 2004 ; Igalens et Joras, 2002), a des racines historiques largement mĂ©connues. La multiplication rĂ©cente des discours d'entreprises produits sur le sujet ne fait que rĂ©vĂ©ler la problĂ©matisation d'un phĂ©nomĂšne dont on trouve des traces dans l'histoire des entreprises. L'objet de cet article est prĂ©cisĂ©ment d'illustrer, au travers d'un cas approfondi, comment une entreprise a, dĂšs les annĂ©es 1960, tentĂ© de gĂ©rer un problĂšme d'environnement entre volontĂ© d'anticipation et contraintes. Ce n'est pas la premiĂšre fois que Pechiney (ou une de ses sociĂ©tĂ©s constitutives) est confrontĂ© Ă  la question environnementale . C'est pourquoi quand, au cours des annĂ©es 1960, ses dirigeants envisagent de dĂ©verser les boues rouges issues de la production d'alumine dans la MĂ©diterranĂ©e, l'entreprise se fait « verte » en anticipant les Ă©ventuelles consĂ©quences de cette dĂ©cision. Pechiney entame ainsi un exercice de responsabilitĂ© sociĂ©tale prĂ©coce en programmant, avant mĂȘme d'officialiser la dĂ©cision du dĂ©versement, une sĂ©rie d'Ă©tudes destinĂ©es Ă  montrer l'innocuitĂ© de celui-ci.histoire; responsabilitĂ© sociĂ©tale

    Istradefylline protects from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and peripheral neuropathy while preserving cisplatin antitumor effects

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    Cisplatin is a potent chemotherapeutic drug that is widely used in the treatment of various solid cancers. However, its clinical effectiveness is strongly limited by frequent severe adverse effects, in particular nephrotoxicity and chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Thus, there is an urgent medical need to identify novel strategies that limit cisplatin-induced toxicity. In the present study, we show that the FDA-approved adenosine A2A receptor antagonist istradefylline (KW6002) protected from cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and neuropathic pain in mice with or without tumors. Moreover, we also demonstrate that the antitumoral properties of cisplatin were not altered by istradefylline in tumor-bearing mice and could even be potentiated. Altogether, our results support the use of istradefylline as a valuable preventive approach for the clinical management of patients undergoing cisplatin treatment

    Therapeutic targeting of cathepsin C::from pathophysiology to treatment

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    Cathepsin C (CatC) is a highly conserved tetrameric lysosomal cysteine dipeptidyl aminopeptidase. The best characterized physiological function of CatC is the activation of pro-inflammatory granule-associated serine proteases. These proteases are synthesized as inactive zymogens containing an N-terminal pro-dipeptide, which maintains the zymogen in its inactive conformation and prevents premature activation, which is potentially toxic to the cell. The activation of serine protease zymogens occurs through cleavage of the N-terminal dipeptide by CatC during cell maturation in the bone marrow. In vivo data suggest that pharmacological inhibition of pro-inflammatory serine proteases would suppress or attenuate deleterious effects of inflammatory/auto-immune disorders mediated by these proteases. The pathological deficiency in CatC is associated with Papillon-LefĂšvre syndrome. The patients however do not present marked immunodeficiency despite the absence of active serine proteases in immune defense cells. Hence, the transitory pharmacological blockade of CatC activity in the precursor cells of the bone marrow may represent an attractive therapeutic strategy to regulate activity of serine proteases in inflammatory and immunologic conditions. A variety of CatC inhibitors have been developed both by pharmaceutical companies and academic investigators, some of which are currently being employed and evaluated in preclinical/clinical trials

    La médiathÚque Philippe Vial de Voiron : harmonisation de la politique documentaire sur le segment « documentaires » de Voiron en lien avec la charte réseau

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    Dans le cadre d’un master 1 MĂ©tiers du livre et de l’édition, j’ai effectuĂ© mon stage Ă  la mĂ©diathĂšque Philippe Vial de Voiron. Ce rapport de stage rend compte de mon expĂ©rience professionnelle dans une mĂ©diathĂšque territoriale et tĂȘte de rĂ©seau comprenant dix-neuf bibliothĂšques. Dans ce travail, la structure et ses activitĂ©s de traitement de documents, de valorisation et de mĂ©diation auprĂšs des publics sont apprĂ©hendĂ©es sous le prisme du rĂ©seau. Ma mission d’harmonisation de la collection des documentaires au secteur adulte s’est organisĂ©e autour des problĂ©matiques de dĂ©sherbage et de politique documentaire dans le cadre du rĂ©seau du Pays Voironnais. Dans ce rapport de stage, j’entreprends de dĂ©velopper une mĂ©thodologie de dĂ©sherbage adaptĂ©e Ă  la structure et Ă  ses spĂ©cificitĂ©s pour rĂ©pondre aux attentes des responsables de la collection et de fait aux attentes et besoins du public

    Politique documentaire en bibliothĂšque municipale : l’accompagnement du changement Ă  la mĂ©diathĂšque de Lannion

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    The documentary policy has an effect on the collection service in a public library. Moreover, this policy helps the librarians to improve the documentary service by organizing the internal work, the documentary plans. Today formalizing the documentary uses become important in the whole network of public libraries in France. These ways of testing permitted the beginning of the documentary policy project at the public library in Lannion which will soon be refurbished. In this extended essay, the process of formalizing the documentary policy and the effects it has on the library as well as the will to integrate the public into the process are described and analyzed.La politique documentaire agit sur l’offre documentaire d’une bibliothĂšque. Davantage, elle permet de rĂ©gir le fonctionnement interne, les projets documentaires menĂ©s par une Ă©quipe et l’amĂ©lioration de la collection. Aujourd’hui, la formalisation des pratiques documentaires se dĂ©ploie sur l’ensemble du rĂ©seau de lecture publique français. Ces expĂ©rimentations ont servi de modĂšles Ă  l’élaboration d’une politique documentaire Ă  la mĂ©diathĂšque de Lannion dans le cadre d’un futur rĂ©amĂ©nagement. Le processus, les effets que cela produit sur le service de la mĂ©diathĂšque et la volontĂ© d’intĂ©grer le public sont dĂ©crits et analysĂ©s dans ce mĂ©moire

    Organisation sptatiale de la variabilité génétique et phénotypique à l'échelle du paysage (le cas du chamois et du chevreuil, en milieu de montagne)

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    Natural populations are spatially heterogeneous, structured at different scales and ecological traits, such as demographic or genetic component. Many factors can be involved in the spatial substructure of populations: intrinsic factors like intraspecific competition but also environmental factors, such as landscape barriers. Firstly, we studied the spatial organisation of genetic variability in two ungulates, Roe deer and Chamois, in order to identify the spatial scale at which populations are substructured and the ecological factors involved in these spatial patterns. Our results suggest that populations of roe deer and chamois are spatially subdivided and constituted of several sub-units. Our findings indicate the presence of constraints acting on individual movements and gene flow. Landscape fragmentation, habitat heterogeneity and social organisation seem to be the main factors involved in these spatial patterns. Coupled to genetic analyses, the spatial distribution of roe deer body mass in correlation with landscape variables has been investigated. Our results reveal a high spatial heterogeneity of individual body mass, due to pronounced spatial habitat variability in the Bauges massif. Our study highlights first the importance of detecting genetic spatial pattern of populations and the scale at which they are spatially substructured and second the necessity of determining which factors can influence these patterns, especially in wildlife managementLes populations naturelles sont des entitĂ©s spatialement hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, structurĂ©es Ă  diffĂ©rentes Ă©chelles et Ă  divers niveaux tels que dĂ©mographiques ou gĂ©nĂ©tiques. De nombreux facteurs peuvent ĂȘtre impliquĂ©s dans la structuration spatiale des populations, des facteurs intrinsĂšques Ă  la population, comme la compĂ©tition intraspĂ©cifique mais Ă©galement des facteurs d ordre environnemental, tel que la prĂ©sence de barriĂšres paysagĂšres. Dans un premier temps, nous avons Ă©tudiĂ© l organisation spatiale de la variabilitĂ© gĂ©nĂ©tique chez deux ongulĂ©s, le Chevreuil et le Chamois, dans le but d identifier les Ă©chelles de structuration des populations et les facteurs Ă  l origine de ces patrons spatiaux. Les rĂ©sultats suggĂšrent que chez les deux espĂšces, les populations sont subdivisĂ©es dans l espace et constituĂ©es ainsi de plusieurs sous-unitĂ©s, indiquant qu il existerait au sein du massif des Bauges des contraintes s exerçant sur les mouvements et les flux de gĂšnes. Les principaux facteurs Ă  l origine de ces contraintes seraient la fragmentation du paysage, l hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© de l habitat mais Ă©galement l organisation social. En complĂ©ment des analyses gĂ©nĂ©tiques, la distribution spatiale de la masse corporelle et sa mise en relation avec les variables paysagĂšres ont Ă©tĂ© apprĂ©hendĂ©es chez le Chevreuil. Les rĂ©sultats indiquent qu Ă  l Ă©chelle du massif, il existe une forte hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© spatiale de la masse corporelle qui semble en partie liĂ©e Ă  la variabilitĂ© de l habitat. L ensemble de ces rĂ©sultats souligne l importance d identifier les Ă©chelles de structuration des populations et les facteurs impliquĂ©s, notamment dans le domaine de la gestion de la faune sauvageLYON1-BU.Sciences (692662101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Consequences of interspecific interactions on the habitat selection by wild ungulates : the cases of chamois and mouflon in the Bauges Massif, France

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    La modification des habitats par les changements environnementaux conduit les herbivores à coexister avec de nouvelles espÚces et adapter leur sélection de l habitat. Une meilleure gestion des communautés implique de comprendre comment elles interagissent et se partagent les ressources. Cette étude concerne la cohabitation et la sélection de l habitat par les chamois Rupicapra rupicapra et les mouflons Ovis gmelini musimon de la réserve des Bauges (73). Tout d abord, nous déterminons leur répartition socio-spatiale et les variables d habitat pouvant le mieux expliquer la distribution de leur population. Puis, nous montrons les variations intra-annuelles en comparant différents degrés de cohabitation. Les premiers résultats obtenus au niveau individuel sont enfin présentés. Nos résultats soulignent l importance d étudier conjointement sélection de l habitat et interactions interspécifiques à différentes échelles de temps et d espace, et à différents niveaux (population- individu)The modification of the habitats through the environmental changes leads herbivores to coexist with new species and adapt their habitat selection. A reliable management of communities implies to understand how they interact and partition the resources. This study concerns the cohabitation and the habitat selection by chamois Rupicapra rupicapra and mouflons Ovis gmelini musimon in the Bauges reserve (northern French Alps). First, we determine the socio-spatial repartition and the habitat variables that best explain the population distribution. Then we show the within year variations in comparing various degrees of cohabitation. Finally the first results obtained in an individual level are presented. Our results stress the importance to jointly study habitat selection and interspecific interactions at different temporal and spatial scales, and at different levels (population- individual)LYON1-BU.Sciences (692662101) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Impact of climatic change on alpine ecosystems: inference and prediction

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    Alpine ecosystems will be greatly impacted by climatic change, but other factors, such as land use and invasive species, are likely to play an important role too. Climate can influence ecosystems at several levels. We describe some of them, stressing methodological approaches and available data. Climate can modify species phenology, such as flowering date of plants and hatching date in insects. It can also change directly population demography (survival, reproduction, dispersal), and therefore species distribution. Finally it can effect interactions among species – snow cover for example can affect the success of some predators. One characteristic of alpine ecosystems is the presence of snow cover, but surprisingly the role played by snow is relatively poorly known, mainly for logistical reasons. Even if we have made important progress regarding the development of predictive models, particularly so for distribution of alpine plants, we still need to set up observational and experimental networks which properly take into account the variability of alpine ecosystems and of their interactions with climate
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