El pluralisme mèdic : una clau interpretativa per a una història integral de la medicina

El recurs als professionals sanitaris es sols una part de totes aquelles iniciatives, actuacions o creences que els nostres avantpassats van desenvolupar per conservar o millorar la salut, prevenir la malaltia o recuperar la salut. El recurs a altres tipus d'instàncies assistencials o terapèutiques, que es coneix com "pluralisme assistencial", sol ser la norma més que l'excepció. Per a enfocar adequadament aquest problema, cal centrar la indagació històrica sobre aquells -les persones malaltes o sanes- que volien i buscaven la salut. Aquests tipus d'acostaments pretenen tenir en compte totes les possibilitats a les quals es va recórrer en el passat per tal d'afrontar els problemes de salut

Introduction: Popular Economies in South Africa

African economies have long been a matter of concern to anthropologists, not least in the pages of Africa. These economies are situated, somewhat contradictorily, between global settings of financialized capitalism on the one hand and impoverished local arenas where cash-based economic transfers predominate on the other. The more such economies appear to be tied to wider global arenas and operations that place them beyond the reach of ordinary people, the more necessary it is to explore the logics and decisions that tie them inexorably to specific everyday settings

Una Reflexió historiogràfica sobre l'hospital com a espai de medicalització

El treball analitza la historiografia existent sobre les institucions hospitalàries com a espai de medicalització des de la segona meitat del s. XX. La finalitat és estudiar de quina manera diverses tendències historiogràfiques han percebut l'hospital com a espai de creació i difusió de coneixement científic. S'ha atorgat particular interès a les visions sobre el seu rol en la transformació de la medicina occidental i també als factors aliens a la medicina que, segons alguns historiadors, han, valgui la paradoxa, contribuït a transformar l'hospital en una institució mèdica

Tendències historiogràfiques de la medicina a les portes del segle XXI

El fitxer conté l'article en català i en castellà.Text introductori de la ponència titulada "Tendències historiogràfiques de la medicina a les portes del segle XXI" presentada en el marc del XIII Congrés d'Història de la Medicina Catalana (La Canonja, 2004). S'introdueixen les sis contribucions que integraren la ponència i s'exposen algunes reflexions de caire general sobre la situació actual dins la tradició historiogràfica de la ciència i de la medicina

Les biografies mèdiques : entre l'hagiografia i la història

El treball analitza la tradició del gènere biogràfic dins la historiografia mèdica, iniciada amb el model biobibliogràfic i continuada amb les grans figures de la medicina, que entrà en crisi amb la història social de la medicina. Es plantegen les utilitats actuals del gènere biogràfic i si és possible escriure biografies mèdiques no desconnectades dels nous corrents historiogràfics

Determinants of substance use amongst Brazilians residing in the UK: the role of acculturation

Introduction and Aims. Evidence suggests that patterns of substance use are changing amongst some members of migrant groups in the UK. This study explored the extent to which residing in the UK has an impact on substance use behaviours amongst Brazilian migrants. Design and Methods. A mixed methods approach was adopted comparing Brazilians residing in the UK (n = 164) and Brazilians residing in Brazil (n = 161), age 27.82 (SD = 5.65) average. Participants' socio-demographic characteristics, resilience, personality traits, drinking motives, psychological distress, frequency of alcohol intake, smoking and other drugs used (Brazil and UK), acculturation outcomes and length of residence (UK) were explored. Six in-depth interviews were conducted with Brazilian residents in the UK and analysed using thematic analysis. Results. Participants from the UK reported higher prevalence of substance use; however, significant country differences were only found in binge drinking and poly drug use. While in Brazil, substance use was associated with being male, no religious practices, having resided in another country and higher scores in drinking for social motives and sensation seeking, in the UK it was associated with elementary occupations, higher scores in drinking for social and enhancement motives, threat to cultural identity and lower length of residence in the UK. Interview data suggested that living in the UK was stressful. Conclusions. Country differences in patterns of substance use were associated with changes resulting from the migratory process to the UK. The stresses associated with the process of acculturation presents a promising path for addressing substance use problems in migrant populations

Institutions and equity structure of foreign affiliates

Question/Issue: We combine agency and institutional theory to explain the division of equity shares between the foreign (majority) and local (minority) partners within foreign affiliates. We posit that once the decision to invest is made, the ownership structure is arranged so as to generate appropriate incentives to local partners, taking into account both the institutional environment and the firm-specific difficulty in monitoring. Research Findings/Insights: Using a large firm-level dataset for the period 2003-2011 from 16 Central and Eastern European countries and applying selectivity corrected estimates, we find that both weaker host country institutions and higher share of intangible assets in total assets in the firm imply higher minority equity share of local partners. The findings hold when controlling for host country effects and when the attributes of the institutional environment are instrumented. Theoretical/Academic Implications: The classic view is that weak institutions lead to concentrated ownership, yet it leaves the level of minority equity shares unexplained. Our contribution uses a firm-level perspective combined with national-level variation in the institutional environment, and applies agency theory to explain the minority local partner share in foreign affiliates. In particular, we posit that the information asymmetry and monitoring problem in firms are exacerbated by weak host country institutions, but also by the higher share of intangible assets in total assets. Practitioner/Policy Implications: Assessing investment opportunities abroad, foreign firms need to pay attention not only to features directly related to corporate governance (e.g., bankruptcy codes) but also to the broad institutional environment. In weak institutional environments, foreign parent firms need to create strong incentives for local partners by offering them significant minority shares in equity. The same recommendation applies to firms with higher shares of intangible assets in total assets

The association between family and community social capital and health risk behaviours in young people: an integrative review

Background: Health risk behaviours known to result in poorer outcomes in adulthood are generally established in late childhood and adolescence. These ‘risky’ behaviours include smoking, alcohol and illicit drug use and sexual risk taking. While the role of social capital in the establishment of health risk behaviours in young people has been explored, to date, no attempt has been made to consolidate the evidence in the form of a review. Thus, this integrative review was undertaken to identify and synthesise research findings on the role and impact of family and community social capital on health risk behaviours in young people and provide a consolidated evidence base to inform multi-sectorial policy and practice.<p></p> Methods: Key electronic databases were searched (i.e. ASSIA, CINAHL, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects, Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, Sociological Abstracts) for relevant studies and this was complemented by hand searching. Inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied and data was extracted from the included studies. Heterogeneity in study design and the outcomes assessed precluded meta-analysis/meta-synthesis; the results are therefore presented in narrative form.<p></p> Results: Thirty-four papers satisfied the review inclusion criteria; most were cross-sectional surveys. The majority of the studies were conducted in North America (n=25), with three being conducted in the UK. Sample sizes ranged from 61 to 98,340. The synthesised evidence demonstrates that social capital is an important construct for understanding the establishment of health risk behaviours in young people. The different elements of family and community social capital varied in terms of their saliency within each behavioural domain, with positive parent–child relations, parental monitoring, religiosity and school quality being particularly important in reducing risk.<p></p> Conclusions: This review is the first to systematically synthesise research findings about the association between social capital and health risk behaviours in young people. While providing evidence that may inform the development of interventions framed around social capital, the review also highlights key areas where further research is required to provide a fuller account of the nature and role of social capital in influencing the uptake of health risk behaviours.<p></p&gt