Reinterpretación histórica y predicción científica del concepto de salud

En los conceptos antiguos con relación a la definición de salud, se puede evidenciar la importancia de lo que  han hecho los grandes pensadores para dar una respuesta a la búsqueda de una verdad absoluta sobre su propio estado de bienestar; no es tan sencillo entender lo que consideraban tradicionalmente como “la  ausencia de enfermedad e invalidez”(1). A través del tiempo se han identificado aspectos relevantes en las diferentes esferas del individuo como lo son: lo social, espiritual, físico, funcional y mental. Por ende, este concepto se ha diversificado con cada época, momento histórico, clase social e incluso por la percepción individual (2)

Horizontal flow aerated constructed wetlands for municipal wastewater treatment: The influence of bed depth

[Abstract]: The influence of bed depth on the performance of aerated horizontal constructed wetlands was investigated at the pilot plant scale. Two horizontal flow subsurface constructed wetlands (HF) intensified units of different bed depth (HF1: 0.90 m and HF2: 0.55 m, 0.8 m and 0.5 m water level, respectively) were fitted with forced aeration, while a third one (HFc, 0.55 m bed depth, 0.5 m water level) was used as control and not aerated. The three HF units were operated in parallel, receiving the same municipal wastewater pre-treated in a hydrolytic up-flow sludge blanket anaerobic digester. Applied surface loading rates (SLR) ranged from 20 to 80 g biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5)/m2·d and from 3.7 to 6.7 g total nitrogen (TN)/m2·d, while it ranges from 6 to 23 g BOD5/m2·d and from 1.1 to 1.7 g TN/m2·d in the control unit. Removal of total suspended solids (TSS) and BOD5 was usually close to a 100 % in all units, whilst chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was higher for the HF1 unit (97 % on average, range of 96–99 %) than for HF2 (92 %, 82–98 %) and HFc (94 %, 86–99 %). TN removal reached on average 33 % (16–43 %) in HFc, 37 % (10–76 %) in HF2 and 51 % (21–79 %) in HF1. High TN removal required a longer aeration time for nitrification and higher effluent recirculation ratio to enhance denitrification. The results indicate that artificial aeration and a high bed depth allows to increase the SLR by a factor of 4 in HF1 but only by a factor of 2 in HF2.This work was supported by the EU's seventh framework program for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement n◦ 605445 (HIGHWET project)

Las políticas públicas nacionales de Colombia para la formación de educadores infantiles

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo delinear el estado del arte de las políticas públicas para la formación del profesorado en los últimos quince años en Colombia, en especial la formación del educador infantil. Para tal fin se realizó una extensa revisión bibliográfica de normativas, artículos y trabajos investigativos en el área. Se apuntan algunos puntos relevantes: el aumento de la importancia de la educación infantil en las últimas décadas, principalmente en el marco de nuevas políticas para la infancia. Aunque la normativa apunta a nuevos e innovadores parámetros educativos, el asistencialismo está en primer orden. Esto se refleja en la visión social de la infancia como momento restringido al cuidado, que disminuye la importancia de las intervenciones educativas planeadas y los aspectos educativos en general, agravado por la falta de profesionales de la educación infantil que fomenten y concreten el área de la educación infantil, y que construyan conocimiento práctico. Se recomienda invertir en la formación de docentes, valorizar la realización de investigación en el área, así como promover mayor profesionalización del personal, tomando medidas para la valorización del profesional de educación infanti

The Legal Nature of Instagram Business Profiles: Can they be Considered Commercial Establishments?

La evolución tecnológica ha puesto a disposición de los empresarios una multiplicidad de herramientas digitales que les permiten adecuar sus actividades mercantiles a las nuevas dinámicas del comercio electrónico. Dicha transformación ha llevado a enmarcar las páginas web como establecimientos de comercio electrónico; sin embargo, la sociedad ha ido un paso más allá al apropiarse de Instagram para crear un nuevo espacio de promoción e intercambio de bienes y servicios a través de perfiles creados exclusivamente con este propósito, lo cual ha dado lugar al desarrollo del concepto de comercio social. Los empresarios que acuden a estos perfiles buscan, en su gran mayoría, cumplir con el objeto social de su empresa. Por tanto, es necesario evaluar si dicho fenómeno es susceptible de ser regulado por las normas existentes o si existe un vacío normativo en la materia.Legis S.A.The technological evolution has provided entrepreneurs with a multitude of digital tools that enable them to adapt their commercial activities to the new dynamics of electronic commerce. This transformation has led to categorizing websites as electronic business establishments; however, society has gone a step further by harnessing Instagram to create a new space for the promotion and exchange of goods and services through profiles created exclusively for this purpose, giving rise to the development of the concept of social commerce. The entrepreneurs who use these profiles, for the most part, employ this platform to fulfill the corporate purpose of their businesses. Therefore, it is necessary to assess whether this phenomenon is subject to regulation under existing norms or if there is a regulatory gap in this matter

Hacia una formación con calidad y pertinencia

Plan Tecnológico 2020-2023 del Centro de Comercio, Industria y Turismo de Córdoba que se compone de tres fases; iniciando con la fase de análisis y diagnóstico estratégico, donde se examina interna y externamente el Centro, se aplican herramientas para efectuar vigilancia tecnológica identificando las tecnologías medulares y se efectúa una vigilancia competitiva para determinar la capacidad de acción y competitividad frente a sus pares locales, nacionales e internacionales. En la segunda fase, se construye el mapa de trayectoria tecnológica sobre las líneas modulares y se identifican las variables estratégicas a través del uso de métodos prospectivos como lo son la matriz IGO y el análisis morfológico. Seguidamente, la fase tres, reúne el direccionamiento estratégico donde se incluyen los proyectos e iniciativas en I+D+i, las alianzas estratégicas y posibles nuevas ofertas de formación en concordancia con perfiles ocupacionales emergentes.Fase 1. Análisis y diagnóstico estratégico -- Análisis externo del Centro de formación -- Análisis interno del Centro de formación -- Cruce DOFA -- Vigilancia Científico- tecnológica -- Vigilancia competitiva -- Fase 2. Formulación estratégica -- Mapa de trayectoria tecnológica -- Construcción y formulación de escenarios -- Fase 3. Recomendaciones estratégicas -- Proyectos estratégicos de I+D+I -- Alianzas estratégicas -- Oferta de formación pertinentena201 página

Risk factors and myocardial infarction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea: impact of β2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms

BACKGROUND: The increased sympathetic nervous activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is largely responsible for the high prevalence of arterial hypertension, and it is suggested to adversely affect triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels in these patients. The functionally relevant polymorphisms of the β2-adrenergic receptor (Arg-47Cys/Arg16Gly and Gln27Glu) have been shown to exert modifying effects on these risk factors in previous studies, but results are inconsistent. METHODS: We investigated a group of 429 patients (55 ± 10.7 years; 361 men, 68 women) with moderate to severe obstructive sleep apnea (apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) 29.1 ± 23.1/h) and, on average, a high cardiovascular risk profile (body mass index 31.1 ± 5.6, with hypertension in 60.1%, dyslipidemia in 49.2%, and diabetes in 17.2% of patients). We typed the β2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms and investigated the five most frequent haplotypes for their modifying effects on OSA-induced changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and lipid levels. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease (n = 55, 12.8%) and survived myocardial infarction (n = 27, 6.3%) were compared between the genotypes and haplotypes. RESULTS: Multivariate linear/logistic regressions revealed a significant and independent (from BMI, age, sex, presence of diabetes, use of antidiabetic, lipid-lowering, and antihypertensive medication) influence of AHI on daytime systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, prevalence of hypertension, and triglyceride and HDL levels. The β2-adrenergic receptor genotypes and haplotypes showed no modifying effects on these relationships or on the prevalence of dyslipidemia, diabetes, and coronary heart disease, yet, for all three polymorphisms, heterozygous carriers had a significantly lower relative risk for myocardial infarction (Arg-47Cys: n = 195, odds ratio (OR) = 0.32, P = 0.012; Arg16Gly: n = 197, OR = 0.39, P = 0.031; Gln27Glu: OR = 0.37, P = 0.023). Carriers of the most frequent haplotype (n = 113) (haplotype 1; heterozygous for all three polymorphisms) showed a five-fold lower prevalence of survived myocardial infarction (OR = 0.21, P = 0.023). CONCLUSION: Our study showed no significant modifying effect of the functionally relevant β2-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms on OSA-induced blood pressure, heart rate, or lipid changes. Nevertheless, heterozygosity of these polymorphisms is associated with a lower prevalence of survived myocardial infarction in this group with, on average, a high cardiovascular risk profile

El «pueblo» bogotano en la revolución del 20 de julio de 1810

The Santa Fe de Bogotá Revolution of the 20th of July of 1810, was planned, driven and carried out by a relatively small group of neogranadine patricians and some spaniards. Nonetheless, without the action of the agitators (called «chisperos») on the 20th of July and following weeks, possibly the beginning of the political transformation in the Nueva Granada would have failed. This article aims at a prosopographic aproximation of who the sparklers were, how they were organized, and who their main leaders were during the days between the 20th of July and the 13th of August of 1810. Twentyfive eyewitness written testimonials are the main source used to undertake this study.La revolución santafereña del 20 de julio de 1810 fue pensada, dirigida y realizada por un grupo relativamente pequeño de patricios neogranadinos y algunos peninsulares. Sin embargo, sin la actuación de los llamados «chisperos» el viernes 20 de julio y las semanas sucesivas, posiblemente hubiera fracasado el inicio de la transformación política en Nueva Granada. En este artículo se pretende llevar a cabo una aproximación prosopográfica sobre quiénes eran los chisperos, cómo estaban organizados, y quiénes eran sus principales dirigentes durante las jornadas del 20 de julio al 13 de agosto de 1810. Para llevar a cabo esta tarea se han utilizado principalmente veinticinco testimonios redactados por testigos oculares de esas jornadas

Tics as a pedagogical tool for the strengthening of interpersonal relationships and healthy coexistence

Las relaciones interpersonales son la esencia de la convivencia. Actualmente resulta uno de los objetos de mayor interés al interior de los colegios. Con base a lo anterior se desarrolla el presente estudio que tiene como objetivo fortalecer las relaciones interpersonales y la sana convivencia en los estudiantes de la Institución Educativa Departamental Santa Cruz DE Bálsamo apoyados en las TIC como herramienta pedagógica. La metodología empleada fue desde la investigación cualitativa, con un alcance descriptivo, se tomó como muestra (51) estudiantes de los grados quinto y sexto. Dentro de los hallazgos encontrados, se identifican diversos problemas de convivencia y falta de comunicación asertiva, basados principalmente en la poca aceptación a las formas de pensar y actuar delos estudiantes, así como también frecuentes problemas de bullying.Interpersonal relationships are the essence of coexistence. Currently it is one of the objects of greatest interest inside schools. Based on the above, the present study is developed to strengthen interpersonal relationships and healthy coexistence in the students of the Departmental Educational Institution Santa Cruz DE Bálsamo supported by ICT as a pedagogical tool. The methodology used was from qualitative research, with a descriptive scope, was taken as sample 51 students of the fifth and sixth grades. Within the found findings, diverse problems of coexistence and lack of assertive communication are identified, mainly based on the low acceptance to the ways of thinking and acting of the students, as well as frequent problems of bullying

Postoperative outcomes in oesophagectomy with trainee involvement

BACKGROUND: The complexity of oesophageal surgery and the significant risk of morbidity necessitates that oesophagectomy is predominantly performed by a consultant surgeon, or a senior trainee under their supervision. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of trainee involvement in oesophagectomy on postoperative outcomes in an international multicentre setting. METHODS: Data from the multicentre Oesophago-Gastric Anastomosis Study Group (OGAA) cohort study were analysed, which comprised prospectively collected data from patients undergoing oesophagectomy for oesophageal cancer between April 2018 and December 2018. Procedures were grouped by the level of trainee involvement, and univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to compare patient outcomes across groups. RESULTS: Of 2232 oesophagectomies from 137 centres in 41 countries, trainees were involved in 29.1 per cent of them (n = 650), performing only the abdominal phase in 230, only the chest and/or neck phases in 130, and all phases in 315 procedures. For procedures with a chest anastomosis, those with trainee involvement had similar 90-day mortality, complication and reoperation rates to consultant-performed oesophagectomies (P = 0.451, P = 0.318, and P = 0.382, respectively), while anastomotic leak rates were significantly lower in the trainee groups (P = 0.030). Procedures with a neck anastomosis had equivalent complication, anastomotic leak, and reoperation rates (P = 0.150, P = 0.430, and P = 0.632, respectively) in trainee-involved versus consultant-performed oesophagectomies, with significantly lower 90-day mortality in the trainee groups (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Trainee involvement was not found to be associated with significantly inferior postoperative outcomes for selected patients undergoing oesophagectomy. The results support continued supervised trainee involvement in oesophageal cancer surgery