59 research outputs found
Detecting Pair-Instability Supernovae at z<5 with the James Webb Space Telescope
Pair-instability supernovae (PISNe) are the ultimate cosmic lighthouses,
capable of being observed at z<25 and revealing the properties of primordial
stars at cosmic dawn. But it is now understood that the spectra and light
curves of these events evolved with redshift as the universe became polluted
with heavy elements because chemically enriched stars in this mass range
typically lose most of their hydrogen envelopes and explode as bare helium
cores. The light curves of such transients can be considerably dimmer in the
near infrared (NIR) today than those of primordial PISNe of equal energy and
progenitor mass. Here, we calculate detection rates for PISNe whose progenitors
lost their outer layers to either line-driven winds or rotation at z<10, their
detection limit in redshift for the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). We find
that JWST may be able to detect only Pop II (metal-poor) PISNe over the
redshift range of z<4, but not their Pop III (metal-free) counterparts.Comment: Accepted for ApJ, in pres
The Effect of the Hall Term on the Nonlinear Evolution of the Magnetorotational Instability: I. Local Axisymmetric Simulations
The effect of the Hall term on the evolution of the magnetorotational
instability (MRI) in weakly ionized accretion disks is investigated using local
axisymmetric simulations. First, we show that the Hall term has important
effects on the MRI when the temperature and density in the disk is below a few
thousand K and between 10^13 and 10^18 cm^{-3} respectively. Such conditions
can occur in the quiescent phase of dwarf nova disks, or in the inner part
(inside 10 - 100 AU) of protoplanetary disks. When the Hall term is important,
the properties of the MRI are dependent on the direction of the magnetic field
with respect to the angular velocity vector \Omega. If the disk is threaded by
a uniform vertical field oriented in the same sense as \Omega, the axisymmetric
evolution of the MRI is an exponentially growing two-channel flow without
saturation. When the field is oppositely directed to \Omega, however, small
scale fluctuations prevent the nonlinear growth of the channel flow and the MRI
evolves into MHD turbulence. These results are anticipated from the
characteristics of the linear dispersion relation. In axisymmetry on a field
with zero-net flux, the evolution of the MRI is independent of the size of the
Hall term relative to the inductive term. The evolution in this case is
determined mostly by the effect of ohmic dissipation.Comment: 31 pages, 3 tables, 12 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ,
postscript version also available from
http://www.astro.umd.edu/~sano/publications
Binary Star Origin of High Field Magnetic White Dwarfs
White dwarfs with surface magnetic fields in excess of MG are found as
isolated single stars and relatively more often in magnetic cataclysmic
variables. Some 1,253 white dwarfs with a detached low-mass main-sequence
companion are identified in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey but none of these is
observed to show evidence for Zeeman splitting of hydrogen lines associated
with a magnetic field in excess of 1MG. If such high magnetic fields on white
dwarfs result from the isolated evolution of a single star then there should be
the same fraction of high field white dwarfs among this SDSS binary sample as
among single stars. Thus we deduce that the origin of such high magnetic fields
must be intimately tied to the formation of cataclysmic variables. CVs emerge
from common envelope evolution as very close but detached binary stars that are
then brought together by magnetic braking or gravitational radiation. We
propose that the smaller the orbital separation at the end of the common
envelope phase, the stronger the magnetic field. The magnetic cataclysmic
variables originate from those common envelope systems that almost merge. We
propose further that those common envelope systems that do merge are the
progenitors of the single high field white dwarfs. Thus all highly magnetic
white dwarfs, be they single stars or the components of MCVs, have a binary
origin. This hypothesis also accounts for the relative dearth of single white
dwarfs with fields of 10,000 - 1,000,000G. Such intermediate-field white dwarfs
are found preferentially in cataclysmic variables. In addition the bias towards
higher masses for highly magnetic white dwarfs is expected if a fraction of
these form when two degenerate cores merge in a common envelope. Similar
scenarios may account for very high field neutron stars.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, accepted by MNRA
CLASH-VLT: The stellar mass function and stellar mass density profile of the z=0.44 cluster of galaxies MACS J1206.2-0847
Context. The study of the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF) in relation to
the galaxy environment and the stellar mass density profile, rho(r), is a
powerful tool to constrain models of galaxy evolution. Aims. We determine the
SMF of the z=0.44 cluster of galaxies MACS J1206.2-0847 separately for passive
and star-forming (SF) galaxies, in different regions of the cluster, from the
center out to approximately 2 virial radii. We also determine rho(r) to compare
it to the number density and total mass density profiles. Methods. We use the
dataset from the CLASH-VLT survey. Stellar masses are obtained by SED fitting
on 5-band photometric data obtained at the Subaru telescope. We identify 1363
cluster members down to a stellar mass of 10^9.5 Msolar. Results. The whole
cluster SMF is well fitted by a double Schechter function. The SMFs of cluster
SF and passive galaxies are statistically different. The SMF of the SF cluster
galaxies does not depend on the environment. The SMF of the passive population
has a significantly smaller slope (in absolute value) in the innermost (<0.50
Mpc), highest density cluster region, than in more external, lower density
regions. The number ratio of giant/subgiant galaxies is maximum in this
innermost region and minimum in the adjacent region, but then gently increases
again toward the cluster outskirts. This is also reflected in a decreasing
radial trend of the average stellar mass per cluster galaxy. On the other hand,
the stellar mass fraction, i.e., the ratio of stellar to total cluster mass,
does not show any significant radial trend. Conclusions. Our results appear
consistent with a scenario in which SF galaxies evolve into passive galaxies
due to density-dependent environmental processes, and eventually get destroyed
very near the cluster center to become part of a diffuse intracluster medium.Comment: A&A accepted, 15 pages, 13 figure
CLASH-VLT: The mass, velocity-anisotropy, and pseudo-phase-space density profiles of the z=0.44 galaxy cluster MACS 1206.2-0847
We use an unprecedented data-set of about 600 redshifts for cluster members,
obtained as part of a VLT/VIMOS large programme, to constrain the mass profile
of the z=0.44 cluster MACS J1206.2-0847 over the radial range 0-5 Mpc (0-2.5
virial radii) using the MAMPOSSt and Caustic methods. We then add external
constraints from our previous gravitational lensing analysis. We invert the
Jeans equation to obtain the velocity-anisotropy profiles of cluster members.
With the mass-density and velocity-anisotropy profiles we then obtain the first
determination of a cluster pseudo-phase-space density profile. The kinematics
and lensing determinations of the cluster mass profile are in excellent
agreement. This is very well fitted by a NFW model with mass M200=(1.4 +- 0.2)
10^15 Msun and concentration c200=6 +- 1, only slightly higher than theoretical
expectations. Other mass profile models also provide acceptable fits to our
data, of (slightly) lower (Burkert, Hernquist, and Softened Isothermal Sphere)
or comparable (Einasto) quality than NFW. The velocity anisotropy profiles of
the passive and star-forming cluster members are similar, close to isotropic
near the center and increasingly radial outside. Passive cluster members follow
extremely well the theoretical expectations for the pseudo-phase-space density
profile and the relation between the slope of the mass-density profile and the
velocity anisotropy. Star-forming cluster members show marginal deviations from
theoretical expectations. This is the most accurate determination of a cluster
mass profile out to a radius of 5 Mpc, and the only determination of the
velocity-anisotropy and pseudo-phase-space density profiles of both passive and
star-forming galaxies for an individual cluster [abridged]Comment: A&A in press; 22 pages, 19 figure
Casimir effect: running Newton constant or cosmological term
We argue that the instability of Euclidean Einstein gravity is an indication
that the vacuum is non perturbative and contains a condensate of the metric
tensor in a manner reminiscent of Yang-Mills theories. As a simple step toward
the characterization of such a vacuum the value of the one-loop effective
action is computed for Euclidean de Sitter spaces as a function of the
curvature when the unstable conformal modes are held fixed. Two phases are
found, one where the curvature is large and gravitons should be confined and
another one which appears to be weakly coupled and tends to be flat. The
induced cosmological constant is positive or negative in the strongly or weakly
curved phase, respectively. The relevance of the Casimir effect in
understanding the UV sensitivity of gravity is pointed out.Comment: Final, slightly extended version, to appear in Classical and Quantum
Gravit
Fire and biodiversity in the Anthropocene
The workshop leading to this paper was funded by the Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya and the ARC Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions. L.T.K. was supported by a Victorian Postdoctoral Research Fellowship (Victorian Government), a Centenary Fellowship (University of Melbourne), and an Australian Research Council Linkage Project Grant (LP150100765). A.R. was supported by the Xunta de Galicia (Postdoctoral Fellowship ED481B2016/084-0) and the Foundation for Science and Technology under the FirESmart project (PCIF/MOG/0083/2017). A.L.S. was supported by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship (746191) under the European Union Horizon 2020 Programme for Research and Innovation. L.R. was supported by the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Program through the Threatened Species Recovery Hub. L.B. was partially supported by the Spanish Government through the INMODES (CGL2014-59742-C2-2-R) and the ERANET-SUMFORESTS project FutureBioEcon (PCIN-2017-052). This research was supported in part by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station.BACKGROUND Fire has shaped the diversity of life on Earth for millions of years. Variation in fire regimes continues to be a source of biodiversity across the globe, and many plants, animals, and ecosystems depend on particular temporal and spatial patterns of fire. Although people have been using fire to modify environments for millennia, the combined effects of human activities are now changing patterns of fire at a global scale—to the detriment of human society, biodiversity, and ecosystems. These changes pose a global challenge for understanding how to sustain biodiversity in a new era of fire. We synthesize how changes in fire activity are threatening species with extinction across the globe, highlight forward-looking methods for predicting the combined effects of human drivers and fire on biodiversity, and foreshadow emerging actions and strategies that could revolutionize how society manages fire for biodiversity in the Anthropocene. ADVANCES Our synthesis shows that interactions with anthropogenic drivers such as global climate change, land use, and biotic invasions are transforming fire activity and its impacts on biodiversity. More than 4400 terrestrial and freshwater species from a wide range of taxa and habitats face threats associated with modified fire regimes. Many species are threatened by an increase in fire frequency or intensity, but exclusion of fire in ecosystems that need it can also be harmful. The prominent role of human activity in shaping global ecosystems is the hallmark of the Anthropocene and sets the context in which models and actions must be developed. Advances in predictive modeling deliver new opportunities to couple fire and biodiversity data and to link them with forecasts of multiple drivers including drought, invasive plants, and urban growth. Making these connections also provides an opportunity for new actions that could revolutionize how society manages fire. Emerging actions include reintroduction of mammals that reduce fuels, green fire breaks comprising low-flammability plants, strategically letting wildfires burn under the right conditions, managed evolution of populations aided by new genomics tools, and deployment of rapid response teams to protect biodiversity assets. Indigenous fire stewardship and reinstatement of cultural burning in a modern context will enhance biodiversity and human well-being in many regions of the world. At the same time, international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions are crucial to reduce the risk of extreme fire events that contribute to declines in biodiversity. OUTLOOK Conservation of Earth’s biological diversity will be achieved only by recognition of and response to the critical role of fire in shaping ecosystems. Global changes in fire regimes will continue to amplify interactions between anthropogenic drivers and create difficult trade-offs between environmental and social objectives. Scientific input will be crucial for navigating major decisions about novel and changing ecosystems. Strategic collection of data on fire, biodiversity, and socioeconomic variables will be essential for developing models to capture the feedbacks, tipping points, and regime shifts characteristic of the Anthropocene. New partnerships are also needed to meet the challenges ahead. At the local and regional scale, getting more of the “right” type of fire in landscapes that need it requires new alliances and networks to build and apply knowledge. At the national and global scale, biodiversity conservation will benefit from greater integration of fire into national biodiversity strategies and action plans and in the implementation of international agreements and initiatives such as the UN Convention on Biological Diversity. Placing the increasingly important role of people at the forefront of efforts to understand and adapt to changes in fire regimes is central to these endeavors.PostprintPeer reviewe
CLASH-VLT: The stellar mass function and stellar mass density profile of the z = 0.44 cluster of galaxies MACS J1206.2-0847
Context. The study of the galaxy stellar mass function (SMF) in relation to the galaxy environment and the stellar mass density profile, (r), is a powerful tool to constrain models of galaxy evolution. Aims. We determine the SMF of the z = 0.44 cluster of galaxies MACS J1206.2-0847 separately for passive and star-forming (SF) galaxies, in different regions of the cluster, from the center out to approximately 2 virial radii. We also determine (r) to compare it to the number density and total mass density profiles. Methods. We use the dataset from the CLASH-VLT survey. Stellar masses are obtained by spectral energy distribution fitting with the MAGPHYS technique on 5-band photometric data obtained at the Subaru telescope. We identify 1363 cluster members down to a stellar mass of 109.5 M, selected on the basis of their spectroscopic (~1/3 of the total) and photometric redshifts. We correct our sample for incompleteness and contamination by non members. Cluster member environments are defined using either the clustercentric radius or the local galaxy number density. Results. The whole cluster SMF is well fitted by a double Schechter function, which is the sum of the two Schechter functions that provide good fits to the SMFs of, separately, the passive and SF cluster populations. The SMF of SF galaxies is significantly steeper than the SMF of passive galaxies at the faint end. The SMF of the SF cluster galaxies does not depend on the environment. The SMF of the passive cluster galaxies has a significantly smaller slope (in absolute value) in the innermost (= 0.50 Mpc, i.e., ~0.25 virial radii), and in the highest density cluster region than in more external, lower density regions. The number ratio of giant/subgiant galaxies is maximum in this innermost region and minimum in the adjacent region, but then gently increases again toward the clusteroutskirts. This is also reflected in a decreasing radial trend of the average stellar mass per cluster galaxy. On the other hand, the stellar mass fraction, i.e., the ratio of stellar to total cluster mass, does not show any significant radial trend. Conclusions. Our results appear consistent with a scenario in which SF galaxies evolve into passive galaxies due to density-dependent environmental processes and eventually get destroyed very near the cluster center to become part of a diffuse intracluster medium. Dynamical friction, on the other hand, does not seem to play an important role. Future investigations of other clusters of the CLASH-VLT sample will allow us to confirm our interpretation
CLASH-VLT: The mass, velocity-anisotropy, and pseudo-phase-space density profiles of the z = 0.44 galaxy cluster MACS J1206.2-0847
Aims. We constrain the mass, velocity-anisotropy, and pseudo-phase-space density profiles of the z = 0.44 CLASH cluster MACS J1206.2-0847, using the projected phase-space distribution of cluster galaxies in combination with gravitational lensing. Methods. We use an unprecedented data-set of â‰600 redshifts for cluster members, obtained as part of a VLT/VIMOS large program, to constrain the cluster mass profile over the radial range ~0-5 Mpc (0-2.5 virial radii) using the MAMPOSSt and Caustic methods. We then add external constraints from our previous gravitational lensing analysis. We invert the Jeans equation to obtain the velocity-anisotropy profiles of cluster members. With the mass-density and velocity-anisotropy profiles we then obtain the first determination of a cluster pseudo-phase-space density profile. Results. The kinematics and lensing determinations of the cluster mass profile are in excellent agreement. This is very well fitted by a NFW model with mass M200 = (1.4 ± 0.2) × 1015 M ⊙ and concentration c200 = 6 ± 1, only slightly higher than theoretical expectations. Other mass profile models also provide acceptable fits to our data, of (slightly) lower (Burkert, Hernquist, and Softened Isothermal Sphere) or comparable (Einasto) quality than NFW. The velocity anisotropy profiles of the passive and star-forming cluster members are similar, close to isotropic near the center and increasingly radial outside. Passive cluster members follow extremely well the theoretical expectations for the pseudo-phase-space density profile and the relation between the slope of the mass-density profile and the velocity anisotropy. Star-forming cluster members show marginal deviations from theoretical expectations. Conclusions. This is the most accurate determination of a cluster mass profile out to a radius of 5 Mpc, and the only determination of the velocity-anisotropy and pseudo-phase-space density profiles of both passive and star-forming galaxies for an individual cluster. These profiles provide constraints on the dynamical history of the cluster and its galaxies. Prospects for extending this analysis to a larger cluster sample are discussed. © ESO, 2013
- …