The evolution of the 'comment' genre: Theoretical aspect

The article deals with the problem of transforming the genre of comment due to the peculiarities of the Internet communication. The comparative analysis of the traditional interpretation and the new one is initiated based on the modern demands of the virtual discourse. Not only the journalists and the experts, but the readers as well are considered to be the subjects of communication. The research on two forms of comments show the similarities and differences in communicative intention of addressers and the ways of their realization. The analysis shows the isomorphism of the on-line comments and some genres of the Internet communication, defines the role of the language person in the type of discourse under study, justifies the possibility of reconstructing the national worldview based on numerous on-line comments to the articles (often related to news), which attract the greatest attention and feedback of the readers. © IDOSI Publications, 2014

ВЛИЯНИЕ ИЗМЕНЕНИЙ РОГОВОЙ ОБОЛОЧКИ ПРИ ПСЕВДОЭКСФОЛИАТИВНОМ СИНДРОМЕ НА СТЕПЕНЬ СОГЛАСИЯ МЕЖДУ ТОНОМЕТРОМ МАКЛАКОВА И ДИНАМИЧЕСКИМ КОНТУРНЫМ ТОНОМЕТРОМ PASCAL

Introduction. Pseudoexfoliative syndrome (PEX) changes the morphological structureof corneathat can affects its biomechanical properties. These properties affect the results of the intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement.Purpose of the study isto estimate the effect of PEХ on the error in intraocular pressure measurement (IOP) with Maklakov tonometer in relation to properties of the cornea.Materials and methods. The main group – 126 patients with PEХ, reference group – 104 patients without PEX. The main estimated indicator is the difference between the levels of IOP measured by the Maklakov tonometer and Pascaltonometer and coordination between two methods. Pascal tonometer was used as a reference one.Results and conclusions. The difference between the levels of IOP in the groups was unreliable. When measurements are made with Maklakov tonometer, PEX does not causethe significant tonometry error associated with properties of the cornea.Введение. При псевдоэксфолиативном синдроме (ПЭС) имеют место морфологические изменения роговой оболочки, которые могут влиять на ее биомеханические свойства. Последние, в свою очередь, влияют на результаты измерения внутриглазного давления (ВГД).Цель работы: оценка влияния ПЭС на ошибку измерения ВГД тонометром Маклакова, связанную со свойствами роговицы.Материал и методы. Основная группа – 126 пациентов с ПЭС, группа контроля – 104 пациента без ПЭС. Основной оценочный показатель – разница между уровнями ВГД, измеренного с помощью тонометра Маклакова и тонометром Pascal, а также степень их согласия. Тонометр Pascal – референтный тонометр.Результаты и выводы. Разница между уровнями ВГД в группах была недостоверна. ПЭС не вызывает значимой тонометрической ошибки, связанной со свойствами роговой оболочки, при использовании тонометра Маклакова

Students’ Subjectness, Self-Efficacy and Psychological Well-Being: Comparative Research of Russian and Kazakhstan Students

The relevance of the study is due to the need to resolve the contradictions between the requirements of higher education for the personality of a young person and his real capabilities, manifested in the ability or inability to be the subject of his activity and his development. The need to resolve this contradiction has determined the purpose of this study – to identify the level of expression and structure of the subjective properties of students’ personality, their relationship with self-efficacy and psychological well-being. The work used a set of theoretical and empirical research methods, in particular, questionnaires to identify the level of an individual subjectivity development (M.A. Shchukina), general and social self-efficacy (M. Sherer and J. Maddux, adaptation by A.V. Boyarintseva), psychological well-being (K. Riff, adaptation by T.D. Shevelenkova and P.P. Fesenko). Mathematical processing was carried out using the criterion ϕ* – Fisher’s angular transformation, as well as methods of correlation analysis using the linear Pearson correlation coefficient. The subjects were students of a number of universities of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. A total of 277 students majoring pedagogy and psychology took part in the study, among them 266 (96%) women, 11 (4%) men, average age 19.5 years (SD=1.5). As a result, no fundamental differences were revealed in the structure and manifestations of subjectivity depending on the place of residence, national and cultural traditions, which indicates the existence of some general patterns in the formation of the subjectivity of a future teacher or psychologist. A high level of subjectivity was identified in 57.04% respondents, medium – in 38.98%, low – in 3.98%. It has been established that the level of subjectivity positively correlates with self-efficacy in objective activity, with social self-efficacy and with the psychological well-being of an individual. It was revealed that students with low subjectivity can also have a high level of psychological well-being, while performing a compensatory function. The results obtained can be used in the course of student training, as well as in the work of curators of student groups and in the activities of the psychological service of universities

A Review of the Properties of Nb3Sn and Their Variation with A15 Composition, Morphology and Strain State

This article gives an overview of the available literature on simplified, well defined (quasi-)homogeneous laboratory samples. After more than 50 years of research on superconductivity in Nb3Sn, a significant amount of results are available, but these are scattered over a multitude of publications. Two reviews exist on the basic properties of A15 materials in general, but no specific review for Nb3Sn is available. This article is intended to provide such an overview. It starts with a basic description of the Niobium-Tin intermetallic. After this it maps the influence of Sn content on the the electron-phonon interaction strength and on the field-temperature phase boundary. The literature on the influence of Cu, Ti and Ta additions will then be briefly summarized. This is followed by a review on the effects of grain size and strain. The article is concluded with a summary of the main results.Comment: Invited Topical Review for Superconductor, Science and Technology. Provisionally scheduled for July 200

Decrypting magnetic fabrics (AMS, AARM, AIRM) through the analysis of mineral shape fabrics and distribution anisotropy

The fieldwork was supported by the DIPS project (grant no. 240467) and the MIMES project (grant no. 244155) funded by the Norwegian Research Council awarded to O.G. O.P.'s position was funded from Y-TEC.Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and anisotropy of magnetic remanence (AARM and AIRM) are efficient and versatile techniques to indirectly determine rock fabrics. Yet, deciphering the source of a magnetic fabric remains a crucial and challenging step, notably in the presence of ferrimagnetic phases. Here we use X-ray micro-computed tomography to directly compare mineral shape-preferred orientation and spatial distribution fabrics to AMS, AARM and AIRM fabrics from five hypabyssal trachyandesite samples. Magnetite grains in the trachyandesite are euhedral with a mean aspect ratio of 1.44 (0.24 s.d., long/short axis), and > 50% of the magnetite grains occur in clusters, and they are therefore prone to interact magnetically. Amphibole grains are prolate with magnetite in breakdown rims. We identified three components of the petrofabric that influence the AMS of the analyzed samples: the magnetite and the amphibole shape fabrics and the magnetite spatial distribution. Depending on their relative strength, orientation and shape, these three components interfere either constructively or destructively to produce the AMS fabric. If the three components are coaxial, the result is a relatively strongly anisotropic AMS fabric (P’ = 1.079). If shape fabrics and/or magnetite distribution are non-coaxial, the resulting AMS is weakly anisotropic (P’ = 1.012). This study thus reports quantitative petrofabric data that show the effect of magnetite distribution anisotropy on magnetic fabrics in igneous rocks, which has so far only been predicted by experimental and theoretical models. Our results have first-order implications for the interpretation of petrofabrics using magnetic methods.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

РАДИОНУКЛИДНАЯ ОЦЕНКА АЛЬВЕОЛЯРНО КАПИЛЛЯРНОЙ ПРОНИЦАЕМОСТИ ДЛЯ ДИФФЕРЕНЦИАЛЬНОЙ ДИАГНОСТИКИ ЛЕГОЧНОГО ИНФИЛЬТРАТА

Summary.Ventilation scintigraphy of the lungs with analysis of alveolar-capillary permeability (ACP) was performed in patients with confirmed diagnoses of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP, n = 40), infiltrative pulmonary tuberculosis (IPT, n = 20), distal pulmonary embolism (DPE, n = 11),peripheral lung carcinoma (PLC, n = 17), and in 22 healthy volunteers. ACP values were higher in affected and intact lungs in patients with CAP at 10 and 30 min of the investigation vs those with DPE and were higher at 30 min in the affected lung in patients with CAP compared to patients with IPT. Comparison of ACPs in DPE and IPT patients revealed the ACP reduction in affected and intact lungs of DPE patients at 30 min of the investigation. PLC patients demonstrated the ACP reduction in affected lung compared to contralateral lung. Therefore, ACP gave additional information for differential diagnosis of CAP, IPT, DPE and PLCРезюме. У 88 пациентов с верифицированными диагнозами: внебольничная пневмония (ВП) – 40, инфильтративный туберкулез легких(ИТЛ) – 20, тромбоэмболия дистальных ветвей легочной артерии (ТДВЛА) – 11, периферический рак легких (ПРЛ) – 17, а также у 22 здоровых добровольцев проведена вентиляционная пульмоносцинтиграфия с анализом альвеолярно-капиллярной проницаемости (АКП). При ВП, в отличие от ТДВЛА и ИТЛ, АКП была выше на 10-й и 30-й мин исследования в пораженном и интактном легких по сравнению с ТДВЛА и на 30-й мин исследования – в пораженном легком по сравнению с ИТЛ. Сопоставление значений АКП у больных ТДВЛА и ИТЛ показало снижение АКП на 30-й мин исследования у больных ТДВЛА в пораженном и интактном легких. У пациентов с ПРЛ регистрировалось снижение АКП на стороне поражения по сравнению с контралатеральным легким. Таким образом, оценка АКП позволяет расширить возможности дифференциальной диагностики ВП, ИТЛ, ТДВЛА и ПРЛ

Легочная гипертензия, ассоциированная с портальной гипертензией, и легочная гипертензия при саркоидозе органов дыхания: сложные патогенетические взаимоотношения

 In the literature review, modern views on the features of pathogenesis and diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension associated with portal hypertension and sarcoidosis of respiratory organs are presented. A variety of views is due to the lack of a convincing evidence base underlying the algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of this pathology. Pulmonary hypertension is one of the most complex cardiological problems and represents a pathological condition that is based on increasing resistance to blood flow in a small circle of blood circulation at any of site. Unlike the systemic arteries, there is no direct access to the pulmonary artery for measuring blood pressure by non-invasive methods, so the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in the early stages, before the formation of a lesion in the target organ, which is the right ventricle of the heart, is practically impossible. In actual clinical practice, pulmonary hypertension is at best diagnosed at the stage of latent right ventricular dysfunction, which is manifested by dilatation of its cavity and / or hypertrophy of its walls, at worst at the stage of right ventricular heart failure. At present, there has been a trend towards an improvement in the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (LH) in various diseases. This is the reason for the special interest in this interdisciplinary problem.В обзоре литературе представлены современные взгляды на особенности патогенеза и диагностику легочной гипертензии (ЛГ), ассоциированной с портальной гипертензией и саркоидозом органов дыхания, что обусловлено отсутствием убедительной доказательной базы, лежащей в основе четкого алгоритма диагностики и лечения данной патологии. Легочная гипертензия является одной из самых сложных кардиологических проблем и представляет собой патологическое состояние, в основе которого лежит повышение сопротивления току крови в малом круге кровообращения на любом из его участков. В отличие от системных артерий к легочной артерии нет прямого доступа для измерения артериального давления неинвазивными методами, поэтому диагностика ЛГ на ранних стадиях, до поражения органа-мишени, которым является правый желудочек сердца, практически невозможна. В реальной клинической практике ЛГ в лучшем случае диагностируется на стадии скрытой дисфункции правого желудочка, которая проявляется дилатацией его полости и (или) гипертрофией его стенок, в худшем – на стадии правожелудочковой сердечной недостаточности. В настоящее время отмечена тенденция к улучшению диагностики ЛГ при различных заболеваниях. Именно этим обусловлен особый интерес к данной междисциплинарной проблеме

Вентиляция и механика дыхания у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких при разном положении тела

The aim of this work was to study changes in mechanical lung properties in cases of COPD in general and in different zones depending on the body position.Materials and methods. The research was performed in 37 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the vertical and horizontal positions (VP and HP).Results. The analysis of integral respiration mechanics has revealed a reduction in dynamic lung compliance and an increase in total non-elastic lung resistance during expiration (TNRexp) in HP vs. VP. At the same time, despite the increase in TNRexp in HP, the total work of breathing did not increase. Unlike healthy individuals, the COPD patients were characterized by the absence of differences in regional mechanical properties in both VP and HP. There were no differences in the respiration mechanics of the left lung, and the zones of the right lung only differed in the parameters of regional non-elastic work of breathing (NWBr ) that was increasing from top downwards: the indicators of NWBr during expiration and NWBr in the lower zone were higher as opposed to those of the upper zone in VP. As for HP, NWBr during inspiration, NWBr during expiration and NWBr were higher.Conclusion. The data obtained contradict the prevailing opinion about an escalation in regional differences in ventilation and respiration mechanics under the influence of emerging focal and diffuse inflammatorysclerotic pathological changes in lungs and emphysema. Целью данной работы являлось изучение особенностей изменения механических свойств легких при хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ) в целом и по зонам в зависимости от положения тела.Материалы и методы. Исследование выполнено у 37 пациентов с ХОБЛ в вертикальном и горизонтальном положениях (ВП и ГП).Результаты. При исследовании интегральной механики дыхания было установлено снижение динамической растяжимости и повышение общего неэластического сопротивления легких на выдохе в ГП по сравнению с ВП. При этом, несмотря на повышение значений общего неэластического сопротивления на выдохе (ОНСвыд) в горизонтальном положении, не отмечалось увеличения общей работы дыхания. У пациентов с ХОБЛ, в отличие от здоровых лиц, регистрировалось исчезновение различий регионарных механических характеристик как в ВП, так и ГП тела. Отсутствовали различия в механике дыхания верхних, средних и нижних регионов левого легкого, зоны правого легкого различались лишь по показателям регионарной неэластической работы дыхания (НРДр ), которые увеличивались по направлению сверху вниз. В нижней зоне по сравнению с верхней большие значения показателей НРДр на вдохе (НРДвдр ) и НРДр на выдохе (НРДвыдр ) отмечены при ВП и ГП тела.Заключение. Полученные данные противоречат доминирующему мнению об усугублении регионарных различий вентиляции и механики дыхания под влиянием развивающихся в легких очаговых и диффузных воспалительно-склеротических патологических изменений и эмфиземы.

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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