Analysis of Documental Heritage of CETA in Standardization of the Spanish Manufacturing Automotive Industry

AbstractStandardization has taken an active role in the development of several main industrial sectors and the automotive sector has been one of them. Current work shows the collection, analysis, revision and management process developed on CETA (Center of Automotive Technical Study) standards related to the manufacturing automotive sector, an unknown element of Spanish standardization heritage. Also, a comparative evaluation between CETA standards and current UNE standards has been performed. The results show that CETA standards have had a positive influence in the evolution of the automotive sector as well as an important contribution to the contents of the UNE standards

Trajectory Based Market Models: Evaluation of Minmax Price Bounds

The paper studies sub and super-replication price bounds for contingent claims defined on general trajectory based market models. No prior probabilistic or topological assumptions are placed on the trajectory space which is of unrestricted cardinality. For a given option, there exists an interval bounding the set of possible fair prices; such interval exists under more general conditions than the usual no-arbitrage requirement. The paper develops a backward recursive method to evaluate the option bounds together with the associated hedging strategies; the global minmax optimization, defining the price interval, is reduced to a local minmax optimization via dynamic programming. Trajectory sets are introduced for which existing probabilistic and non-probabilistic market models are nested as particular cases. Several examples are presented, the effect of the presence of arbitrage on the price bounds is illustrated.Fil: Degano, Iván Leonardo. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Sebastián E. Ferrando. Ryerson University; CanadáFil: Alfredo L, González. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentin

Efectos de la sobredosificación con láser de arseniuro de galio sobre el cuádriceps de ratas

RESUMENObjetivo. Obtener información de los efectos de la irradiación con laser con el objeto de determinar dosis en la que se observen efectos deletéreos sobre el tejido muscular. Materiales y métodos. Se estudiaron 20 ratas macho Sprague Dawley y fueron divididas aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos de 5 individuos. En todos los grupos se realizó la irradiación con laser, empleando un equipo de diodo de Arseniuro de Galio. Se aplicó en forma puntual 1 vez al día durante 10 días consecutivos. El tiempo de exposición y las dosis diarias siguieron el siguiente arreglo: grupo A, 15 minutos y 24.3 julios, grupo B, 30 minutos y 48.6 Julios, grupo C, 45 minutos y 72.9 Julios, grupo D, 60 minutos y 97.2 Julios. Se tomaron muestras del cuadriceps para microscopía óptica y microscopía electrónica. Resultados. La microscopia óptica no mostró alteraciones en ninguno de los grupos estudiados. Al microscopio electrónico se observaron alteraciones ultraestructurales solamente en el grupo D. Conclusiones. El rango entre la dosis terapeútica y la que produce alteraciones ultraestructurales en el tejido muscular es tan amplio que hace del laser un eficiente elemento seguro para la terapia física

Functional traits driving species role in the structure of terrestrial vertebrate scavenger networks

Species assemblages often have a non-random nested organization, which in vertebrate scavenger (carrion-consuming) assemblages is thought to be driven by facilitation in competitive environments. However, not all scavenger species play the same role in maintaining assemblage structure, as some species are obligate scavengers (i.e., vultures) and others are facultative, scavenging opportunistically. We used a database with 177 vertebrate scavenger species from 53 assemblages in 22 countries across five continents to identify which functional traits of scavenger species are key to maintaining the scavenging network structure. We used network analyses to relate ten traits hypothesized to affect assemblage structure with the “role” of each species in the scavenging assemblage in which it appeared. We characterized the role of a species in terms of both the proportion of monitored carcasses on which that species scavenged, or scavenging breadth (i.e., the species “normalized degree”), and the role of that species in the nested structure of the assemblage (i.e., the species “paired nested degree”), therefore identifying possible facilitative interactions among species. We found that species with high olfactory acuity, social foragers, and obligate scavengers had the widest scavenging breadth. We also found that social foragers had a large paired nested degree in scavenger assemblages, probably because their presence is easier to detect by other species to signal carcass occurrence. Our study highlights differences in the functional roles of scavenger species and can be used to identify key species for targeted conservation to maintain the ecological function of scavenger assemblages.Generalitat Valenciana SEJI/2018/024, APOSTD/2019/016, CIDEGENT/ 2020/030, ACIF/2019/056Ministerio de Educación y Cultura CI-2017-32149, FJCI-2015-25632, IJC2018-036642-I, YC-2019-027216-I, RYC-2015-19231, RYC-2017-2273, GL2012-40013-C02-01/02, CGL2015- 66966-C2-1-R, CGL2015-66966-C2-1-R2, CGL2017-89905-R, RTI2018-099609-B-C21, RTI2018-099609-B-C22Govern de les Illes Balears PD/039/201National Science Centre in Poland 2013/08/M/ NZ9/00469, 2016/22/Z/NZ8/00Slovenian Research Agency P4-0059US Department of Energy DE- EM000439USA National Science Foundation #1255913California Department of Fish & Wildlife P0880013Junta de Andalucía RNM-192

The Star Formation History of M32

We use deep HST ACS/HRC observations of a field within M32 (F1) and an M31 background field (F2) to determine the star formation history (SFH) of M32 from its resolved stellar population. We find that 2-5Gyr old stars contribute \som40%+/- 17% of M32's mass, while 55%+/-21% of M32's mass comes from stars older than 5 Gyr. The mass-weighted mean age and metallicity of M32 at F1 are =6.8+/-1.5 Gyr and =-0.01+/-0.08 dex. The SFH additionally indicates the presence of young (<2 Gyr old), metal-poor ([M/H]\sim-0.7) stars, suggesting that blue straggler stars contribute ~2% of the mass at F1; the remaining \sim3% of the mass is in young metal-rich stars. Line-strength indices computed from the SFH imply a light-weighted mean age and metallicity of 4.9 Gyr and [M/H] = -0.12 dex, and single-stellar-population-equivalent parameters of 2.9+/-0.2 Gyr and [M/H]=0.02+/-0.01 dex at F1 (~2.7 re). This contradicts spectroscopic studies that show a steep age gradient from M32's center to 1re. The inferred SFH of the M31 background field F2 reveals that the majority of its stars are old, with \sim95% of its mass already acquired 5-14 Gyr ago. It is composed of two dominant populations; \sim30%+/-7.5% of its mass is in a 5-8 Gyr old population, and \sim65%+/-9% of the mass is in a 8-14 Gyr old population. The mass-weighted mean age and metallicity of F2 are =9.2+/-1.2 Gyr and =-0.10+/-0.10 dex, respectively. Our results suggest that the inner disk and spheroid populations of M31 are indistinguishable from those of the outer disk and spheroid. Assuming the mean age of M31's disk at F2 (\sim1 disk scale length) to be 5-9 Gyr, our results agree with an inside-out disk formation scenario for M31's disk.Comment: Accepted to ApJ. 24 pages, 18 figures. A high-resolution version can be downloaded from http://www.astro.rug.nl/~monachesi/monachesi-sfh.pd

Epizoochory in Parrots as an Overlooked Yet Widespread Plant–Animal Mutualism

Plant–animal interactions are key to sustaining whole communities and ecosystem function. However, their complexity may limit our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the species involved. The ecological effects of epizoochory remain little known compared to other seed dispersal mechanisms given the few vectors identified. In addition, epizoochory is mostly considered non-mutualistic since dispersers do not obtain nutritional rewards. Here, we show a widespread but unknown mutualistic interaction between parrots and plants through epizoochory. Combining our observations with photos from web-sources, we recorded nearly 2000 epizoochory events in 48 countries across five continents, involving 116 parrot species and nearly 100 plant species from 35 families, including both native and non-native species. The viscid pulp of fleshy fruits and anemochorous structures facilitate the adherence of tiny seeds (mean 3.7 × 2.56 mm) on the surface of parrots while feeding, allowing the dispersion of these seeds over long distances (mean = 118.5 m). This parrot–plant mutualism could be important in ecosystem functioning across a wide diversity of environments, also facilitating the spread of exotic plants. Future studies should include parrots for a better understanding of plant dispersal processes and for developing effective conservation actions against habitat loss and biological invasions.This research was funded by Severo Ochoa Program (SVP-2014-068732), Action COST “ParrotNet” (ES1304), and Loro Parque Fundación (PP-146-2018-1). E.S.-G. is funded by a Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC-2019-027216I) from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation

Pediatric Critical Care and COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, disproportionally affects adults (children 60 centers in nearly 20 countries from the Americas and Europe. In this report, we provide preliminary insights into our first 17 patients. Methods The Critical Coronavirus and Kids Epidemiology is a cohort study of children <19 years old with severe or critical COVID-19. The study period runs from April through December 2020. For this report, we included patients enrolled through April 23. We defined critical COVID-19 as a positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 test result and requiring ICU therapies (high-flow nasal cannula [HFNC], noninvasive ventilation [NIV], invasive mechanical ventilation [IMV], vasoactive support, continuous renal replacement therapy). Severe COVID-19 included those receiving mask or nasal oxygen exceeding the pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) “at risk” threshold.8 Deidentified data were collected by using a modification of the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium form (https://isaric.tghn.org/COVID-19-CRF/). Local ethics approval was obtained with a waiver of need for consent. Results We enrolled 17 children from 10 PICUs in Chile, Colombia, Italy, Spain, and the United States. Detailed data are in the Supplemental Information. Most patients were male (65%), young (median 4 years; range 0.08–18 years), and without known COVID-19 exposure (14 of 17). Comorbidities (Table 1, Supplemental Table 3) were common (71%) but variable. Symptoms were heterogenous, with fever and cough being most frequent (Table 1, Supplemental Table 3). Most with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (4 of 6) were also diagnosed with myocarditis (Supplemental Table 4). All these were from Europe and without previous cardiovascular disease

In-situ and Ex-situ characterization of III-V semiconductor materials and solar cells upon 10 MEV proton irradiation

In this work we present the results and analysis of a 10 MeV proton irradiation experiment performed on III-V semiconductor materials and solar cells. A set of representative devices including lattice-matched InGaP/GaInAs/Ge triple junction solar cells and single junction GaAs and InGaP component solar cells and a Ge diode were irradiated for different doses. The devices were studied in-situ before and after each exposure at dark and 1 sun AM0 illumination conditions, using a solar simulator connected to the irradiation chamber through a borosilicate glass window. Ex-situ characterization techniques included dark and 1 sun AM0 illumination I-V measurements. Furthermore, numerical simulation of the devices using D-AMPS-1D code together with calculations based on the TRIM software were performed in order to gain physical insight on the experimental results. The experiment also included the proton irradiation of an unprocessed Ge solar cell structure as well as the irradiation of a bare Ge(100) substrate. Ex-situ material characterization, after radioactive deactivation of the samples, includes Raman spectroscopy and spectral reflectivity

First modern human settlement recorded in the Iberian hinterland occurred during Heinrich Stadial 2 within harsh environmental conditions

As the south-westernmost region of Europe, the Iberian Peninsula stands as a key area for understanding the process of modern human dispersal into Eurasia. However, the precise timing, ecological setting and cultural context of this process remains controversial concerning its spatiotemporal distribution within the different regions of the peninsula. While traditional models assumed that the whole Iberian hinterland was avoided by modern humans due to ecological factors until the retreat of the Last Glacial Maximum, recent research has demonstrated that hunter-gatherers entered the Iberian interior at least during Solutrean times. We provide a multi-proxy geoarchaeological, chronometric and paleoecological study on human?environment interactions based on the key site of Peña Capón (Guadalajara, Spain). Results show (1) that this site hosts the oldest modern human presence recorded to date in central Iberia, associated to pre-Solutrean cultural traditions around 26,000 years ago, and (2) that this presence occurred during Heinrich Stadial 2 within harsh environmental conditions. These findings demonstrate that this area of the Iberian hinterland was recurrently occupied regardless of climate and environmental variability, thus challenging the widely accepted hypothesis that ecological risk hampered the human settlement of the Iberian interior highlands since the first arrival of modern humans to Southwest Europe.Tis research was carried out in the context of the ERC MULTIPALEOIBERIA project, funded by the European Research Council (ERC-2018-STG-805478), and the PALEOINTERIOR project, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (HAR2017-82483-C3-3-P)