Στα μονοπάτια της παράδοσης. Καταγραφή και προστασία της ξυλοναυπηγικής στην Κύπρο

Οι παραδοσιακές τέχνες αποτελούν αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι κάθε προβιομηχανικής κοινωνίας, ενώ οι τεχνίτες δείχνουν πώς μεταλαμπαδεύεται η εξειδικευμένη γνώση από γενιά σε γενιά. Η γνώση είναι άρρηκτα δεμένη με την τέχνη: εξελίσσονται μαζί και επηρεάζονται από κοινωνικο-οικονομικούς παράγοντες, όπως η ύφεση ή η ευημερία του τόπου. Αρκετοί ερευνητές μελέτησαν τις παραδοσιακές τέχνες της Κύπρου και τα επαγγέλματα που σχετίζονται με την καθεμιά. Από αυτές, η ξυλοναυπηγική δεν έχει καταγραφεί ως τώρα, ενώ η κοινότητα των ξυλοναυπηγών συρρικνώνεται συνεχώς. Η συγγραφέας πραγματοποίησε επιτόπια καταγραφή της τέχνης, αρχίζοντας με την κοινότητα των ξυλοναυπηγών της Λεμεσού. Το παρόν άρθρο παρουσιάζει τα πρώτα αποτελέσματα, τους προβληματισμούς, και κάποιες προτάσεις για την προστασία μιας παραδοσιακής τέχνης, που εμπίπτει τόσο στην Άυλη όσο και στην Ενάλια Πολιτισμική Κληρονομιά.Οι παραδοσιακές τέχνες αποτελούν αναπόσπαστο κομμάτι κάθε προβιομηχανικής κοινωνίας, ενώ οι τεχνίτες δείχνουν πώς μεταλαμπαδεύεται η εξειδικευμένη γνώση από γενιά σε γενιά. Η γνώση είναι άρρηκτα δεμένη με την τέχνη: εξελίσσονται μαζί και επηρεάζονται από κοινωνικο-οικονομικούς παράγοντες, όπως η ύφεση ή η ευημερία του τόπου. Αρκετοί ερευνητές μελέτησαν τις παραδοσιακές τέχνες της Κύπρου και τα επαγγέλματα που σχετίζονται με την καθεμιά. Από αυτές, η ξυλοναυπηγική δεν έχει καταγραφεί ως τώρα, ενώ η κοινότητα των ξυλοναυπηγών συρρικνώνεται συνεχώς. Η συγγραφέας πραγματοποίησε επιτόπια καταγραφή της τέχνης, αρχίζοντας με την κοινότητα των ξυλοναυπηγών της Λεμεσού. Το παρόν άρθρο παρουσιάζει τα πρώτα αποτελέσματα, τους προβληματισμούς, και κάποιες προτάσεις για την προστασία μιας παραδοσιακής τέχνης, που εμπίπτει τόσο στην Άυλη όσο και στην Ενάλια Πολιτισμική Κληρονομιά

Morpheme Position Coding in Reading Development as Explored With a Letter Search Task

Suffixes have been shown to be recognized as units of processing in visual word recognition and their identification has been argued to be position-specific in skilled adult readers: in lexical decision tasks suffixes are automatically identified at word endings, but not at word beginnings. The present study set out to investigate whether position-specific coding can be detected with a letter search task and whether children already code suffixes as position-specific units. A preregistered experiment was conducted in Italian in which 3rd-graders, 5th-graders, and adults had to detect a target letter that was either contained in the suffix of a pseudoword (e.g., S in flagish ) or in a non-suffix control (e.g., S in flagosh ). To investigate sensitivity to position, letters also had to be detected in suffixes and non-suffixes placed in reversed position, that is in the beginning of pseudowords (e.g., S in ishflag vs. oshflag). Results suggested position-specific processing differences between suffixes and non-suffixes that develop throughout reading development. However, some effects were weak and only partially compatible with the hypotheses. Therefore, a second experiment was conducted. The effects of position-specific suffix identification could not be replicated. A combined analysis additionally using a Bayesian approach indicated no processing differences between suffixes and non-suffixes in our task. We discuss potential interpretations and the possibility of letter search being unsuited to investigate morpheme processing. We connect our example of failed self-replication to the current discussion about the replication crisis in psychology and the lesson psycholinguistics can learn

Deciphering CAPTCHAs: What a Turing Test Reveals about Human Cognition

Turning Turing's logic on its head, we used widespread letter-based Turing Tests found on the internet (CAPTCHAs) to shed light on human cognition. We examined the basis of the human ability to solve CAPTCHAs, where machines fail. We asked whether this is due to our use of slow-acting inferential processes that would not be available to machines, or whether fast-acting automatic orthographic processing in humans has superior robustness to shape variations. A masked priming lexical decision experiment revealed efficient processing of CAPTCHA words in conditions that rule out the use of slow inferential processing. This shows that the human superiority in solving CAPTCHAs builds on a high degree of invariance to location and continuous transforms, which is achieved during the very early stages of visual word recognition in skilled readers

Algorithms for the automated correction of vertical drift in eye-tracking data

A common problem in eye tracking research is vertical drift\u2014the progressive displacement of fixation registrations on the vertical axis that results from a gradual loss of eye tracker calibration over time. This is particularly problematic in experiments that involve the reading of multiline passages, where it is critical that fixations on one line are not erroneously recorded on an adjacent line. Correction is often performed manually by the researcher, but this process is tedious, time-consuming, and prone to error and inconsistency. Various methods have previously been proposed for the automated, post-hoc correction of vertical drift in reading data, but these methods vary greatly, not just in terms of the algorithmic principles on which they are based, but also in terms of their availability, documentation, implementation languages, and so forth. Furthermore, these methods have largely been developed in isolation with little attempt to systematically evaluate them, meaning that drift correction techniques are moving forward blindly. We document ten major algorithms, including two that are novel to this paper, and evaluate them using both simulated and natural eye tracking data. Our results suggest that a method based on dynamic time warping offers great promise, but we also find that some algorithms are better suited than others to particular types of drift phenomena and reading behavior, allowing us to offer evidence-based advice on algorithm selection

Orthographic consistency influences morphological processing in reading aloud: Evidence from a cross‐linguistic study

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Smart Phone, Smart Science: How the Use of Smartphones Can Revolutionize Research in Cognitive Science

Investigating human cognitive faculties such as language, attention, and memory most often relies on testing small and homogeneous groups of volunteers coming to research facilities where they are asked to participate in behavioral experiments. We show that this limitation and sampling bias can be overcome by using smartphone technology to collect data in cognitive science experiments from thousands of subjects from all over the world. This mass coordinated use of smartphones creates a novel and powerful scientific “instrument” that yields the data necessary to test universal theories of cognition. This increase in power represents a potential revolution in cognitive science

Prefixes repel stress in reading aloud: Evidence from surface dyslexia

This study examined the importance of prefixes as sublexical cues for stress assignment during reading aloud English disyllabic words. In particular, we tested the hypothesis that prefixes repel stress (Rastle & Coltheart, 2000) by investigating the likelihood with which patients with surface dyslexia assign second-syllable stress to prefixed words. Five such patients were presented with three types of disyllabic words for reading aloud: 'regular' prefixed words with weak-strong stress pattern (e.g., remind); 'irregular' prefixed words with strong-weak stress pattern (e.g., reflex); and non-prefixed words with strong-weak stress pattern (e.g., scandal). Results showed that all five patients frequently regularized the strong-weak prefixed words by pronouncing them with second syllable stress. These regularization errors provide strong evidence for the functional role of prefixes in stress assignment during reading. Additional computational simulations using the rule-based algorithm for pronouncing disyllables developed by Rastle and Coltheart (2000) and the CDP++ model of reading aloud (Perry et al., 2010) allowed us to evaluate how these two opponent approaches to reading aloud fare in respect of the patient data.15 page(s

A cross-linguistic investigation of orthographic processing in English and Greek

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Development and future perspectives of a humanitarian forensic programme: the committee on missing persons in Cyprus example

Abstract Background In 1981, the Committee on Missing Persons in Cyprus (CMP) was established with a clear purpose: to determine the fate of the missing Greek and Turkish Cypriots who disappeared during the periods 1963–64 and 1974. Following many years of investigations and negotiations, such as on a mutually agreed list of 2001 missing persons (493 Turkish Cypriots and 1508 Greek Cypriots), the CMP officially began its operational phase in 2006 with a small number of Greek Cypriot and Turkish Cypriot scientists. Methods This paper presents and analyses the development of the programme, the ways of providing assistance to other countries, and how the programme has influenced local and regional capacity. To do so, the authors performed qualitative and quantitative analyses to assess the programme accurately (annual staff numbers, annual excavations, exhumations and identifications, applied field and lab methods, internship and training programmes). Conclusions The results show that the CMP has established a successful humanitarian programme, serving as a model for cooperation in a post-conflict environment. Since 2006, the team of scientists has grown in both numbers and experience, while the CMP has developed into a key player in the field of human identification that is able to provide expertise and technical assistance at a regional level. Ultimately, the authors were able to elucidate the current prospects and future perspectives of the programme to provide a holistic view to readers