Developpement agricole durable : La phytodiversite comme outil de gestion des plantations de cultures de rente en Cote d’Ivoire

Les cultures de rente telles que le cacaoyer et l’anacardier qui constituent une source économique majeure pour la Côte d’Ivoire, sont responsables de la perte de la surface forestière. Face au changement climatique et aux pratiques agricoles peu conservatrices, le maintien d’une phytodiversitéconséquente dans les plantations apparaît indispensable. La présente étude vise à déterminer les relations entre la phytodiversité et des paramètres de la plantation afin de contribuer à une meilleure gestion des plantations pour une production durable. Des données ont été collectées à l’aide d’inventaires floristiques, d’enquêtes et des relevés de surface dans les régions des villes d’Oumé et Daloa (Centre-Ouest) et de Dabakala (Centre-Est). Les résultats révèlent un potentiel floristique dans les plantations de cacaoyers jeunes et une période critique pour la phytodiversité entre 6 et 20 ans. Cette phytodiversité a varié également en fonction de l’âge, de l’ethnie et des besoins du producteur et a présenté un lien avec la distribution des infestations dans les plantations d’anacardier.Les pratiques agricoles devraient être adaptées et tenir compte du profil du producteur. Les espèces pourraient constituer des guides potentiels pour une lutte ciblée. Cette étude fournit un outil de gestion simple et efficace pour une agriculture durable.Mots clés : Aménagement, Anacarde, Cacao, Ethnobotanique, Infestation, Producteur. English Title: Phytodiversity and cash crops farms management in Côte d’IvoireCocoa and cashew cash crops, which are a major economical source for Côte d’Ivoire, are responsible of forest area lost. Faced with climate change and destructive agricultural practices, plant diversity conservation in plantations is essential. The objective of this study is to determine the link between plant diversity and farm parameters in order to contribute to a better  management for sustainable production. Data were collected using floristic inventories, surveys and interviews in the Oumé and Daloa (Centre-West) and Dabakala (Centre-North) regions. Results reveal a floristic potential in young plantations and a critical development period for plant diversity between 6 and 20 years. This plant diversity also varied according to age, ethnicity and the needs of farmer and was related to the distribution of infestations in cashew plantations. Agricultural practices should be adapted according to the producer’s profile. Species could be potential guides for diseases control. This study provides a simple and efficient tool for sustainable agriculture.Keys words: Cacao, Cashew, Ethnobotanic, Management, Plant diseases, farmer.

Potentiel mellifere de la flore du centre-est de la Cote d’Ivoire : Interet pour l’apiculture moderne

Le miel, produit par l’abeille mellifère (Apis mellifera L.), fait partie des aliments les plus anciens de l’humanité. Il est très largement connu et consommé. Cependant, l’apiculture moderne est récente et mal connue en Afrique en général et en Côte d’Ivoire en particulier. Cette étude vise à évaluer les atouts floristiques pour une orientation efficiente des pratiques apicoles au Centre-est de la Côte d’Ivoire. Les données ont été collectées dans le département de Dimbokro à l’aide d’inventaires floristiques et d’observations mensuelles de l’activité de butinage des abeilles durant 12 mois. Ainsi, 128 espèces mellifères ont été recensées. La majorité de ces espèces (87 p.c.) présente un seul cycle annuel de floraison, tandis que 57 p.c. fleurissent durant au moins 3 mois d’affilée par an. La flore mellifère est composée 45 p.c. d’espèces exclusivement nectarifères, 22 p.c. d’espèces uniquement pollinifères et 31 p.c. d’espèces à la fois nectarifères et pollinifères. Par ailleurs, 57 p.c. de ces plantes sont intensément butinés par les abeilles et 48 p.c. présentent une haute valeur mellifère. Lesrésultats prouvent que l’apiculture moderne peut aisément être pratiquée dans la zone d’étude. Toutefois, un rapprochement des plantes mellifères des ruches pourrait permettre d’améliorer le rendement apicole.Mots clés : Flore mellifère, Apiculture, Miel, Dimbokro  English Title: Melliferous potential of the flora of central-east of Cote d’Ivoire : interest for modern beekeepingHoney, produced by the bee (Apis mellifera L.), is one of the oldest foods of humanity. He is very widely known and consumed. However, modern beekeeping is recent and poorly known in Africa in general and in Côted’Ivoire in particular. This study aims to evaluate the floristic assets in order to an efficient orientation of beekeeping practices in the Central-East of Côte d’Ivoire. Data were collected in the Dimbokro Department using floristic inventory and monthly observations of bees harvesting activity for 12 months. Thus, 128 melliferous species have been identified. The majority of these species (87%) have a single annual flowering cycle, while 57% flower for at least 3 months of flowering per year. The melliferous flora is composed of 45% exclusively nectariferous species, 22% only  polleniferous species and 31 species of both nectariferous and polleniferous species. In addition, 57% of these plants are intensely foraged by the bees and 48% have a high honey value. The results show that modern beekeeping can easily be practiced in the study area. However, an approximation of the melliferous plants of the hives could allow to improve the beekeeping yield.Keywords: Melliferous flora, Beekeeping, Honey, Dimbokro

Efficacy of the association of cover crops with maize and direct sowing short-term effect on crops? yields in maize-cotton cropping system in Western Burkina Faso.

To improve the productivity and sustainability of cotton and cereals based system, direct sow ing under mulch was tested for its efficacy on cotton and maize yields on the research station of Farako - Bâ, in Western Burkina Faso. The experimental design was a complete randomized blocks of Fisher with four replications. Conventional tillage by annual moldboard plowing (T7) was compared with direct sowing under mulch -based cropping system (DMC) using maize association with cover crop s defined as: maize without cover crop (T1), maize +Brachiaria ruziziensis(T2), maize + B. ruziziensis+ Mucuna cochinchinensis (T3), maize + B. ruziziensis+ Panicum maximum (T4), maize + B. ruziziensis + Stylosantes hamata (T5), and maize + Crotalaria juncea (T6). Cover crops were planted 21 days after maize emergence between the rows of this main crop. The biomass produced by the cover crops and maize straws were evaluated as well as maize and cotton yields, during the first 6 years of the study, from 2010 to 2015. Results showed that among cover crops, the biomass production was significantly lower with C. juncea. The associations of cover crops with maize increased significantly the production of total dry matter compared to plots without cover crops, in the conventional tillage. Association with cover crops did not influence significantly nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents of maize and the maize’s yields even if the depressive effects were recorded. Compared to the conventional tillage, the DMC appeared also effective on seed cotton yields even without a significant improvement during the 6 first years of the study . These promising results, confirm the feasibility in tropical conditions of DMC which must be continued to better analyze its long-term effects on soil properties

Les Espèces vègètales de couverture du sol destinées à la culture du coton en semis direct.

bitstream/item/142514/1/Les-especes-vegetables-de-couverture-du-sol....pdfCOTON-4

Reduction in camera-specific variability in [123I]FP-CIT SPECT outcome measures by image reconstruction optimized for multisite settings: impact on age-dependence of the specific binding ratio in the ENC-DAT database of healthy controls

Purpose Quantitative estimates of dopamine transporter availability, determined with [123I]FP-CIT SPECT, depend on the SPECT equipment, including both hardware and (reconstruction) software, which limits their use in multicentre research and clinical routine. This study tested a dedicated reconstruction algorithm for its ability to reduce camera-specific intersubject variability in [123I]FP-CIT SPECT. The secondary aim was to evaluate binding in whole brain (excluding striatum) as a reference for quantitative analysis. Methods Of 73 healthy subjects from the European Normal Control Database of [123I]FP-CIT recruited at six centres, 70 aged between 20 and 82 years were included. SPECT images were reconstructed using the QSPECT software package which provides fully automated detection of the outer contour of the head, camera-specific correction for scatter and septal penetration by transmission-dependent convolution subtraction, iterative OSEMreconstruction including attenuation correction, and camera-specific Bto kBq/ml^ calibration. LINK and HERMES reconstruction were used for head-to-head comparison. The specific striatal [123I]FP-CIT binding ratio (SBR) was computed using the Southampton method with binding in the whole brain, occipital cortex or cerebellum as the reference. The correlation between SBR and age was used as the primary quality measure. Results The fraction of SBR variability explained by age was highest (1) with QSPECT, independently of the reference region, and (2) with whole brain as the reference, independently of the reconstruction algorithm. Conclusion QSPECT reconstruction appears to be useful for reduction of camera-specific intersubject variability of [123I]FP-CIT SPECT in multisite and single-site multicamera settings. Whole brain excluding striatal binding as the reference provides more stable quantitative estimates than occipital or cerebellar binding

Resilience from the ground up: how are local resilience perceptions and global frameworks aligned?

Numerous resilience measurement frameworks for climate programmes have emerged over the past decade to operationalise the concept and aggregate results within and between programmes. Proxies of resilience, including subjective measures using perception data, have been proposed to measure resilience, but there is limited evidence on their validity and use for policy and practice. This article draws on research on the Decentralising Climate Funds project of the Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters programme, which supports communities in Mali and Senegal to improve climate resilience through locally controlled adaptation funds. It explores attributes of resilience from this bottom‐up perspective to assess its predictors and alignment with food security, as a proxy of well‐being. We find different patterns when comparing resilience and the well‐being proxy, illustrating that the interplay between the two is still unclear. Results also point to the importance of contextualising resilience, raising implications for aggregating results

Diagnostique visuel des carences nutritionnelles du cotonnier.

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An Estimate of the Incidence of Prostate Cancer in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Prostate cancer (PCa) is rated the second most common cancer and sixth leading cause of cancer deaths among men globally. Reports show that African men suffer disproportionately from PCa compared to men from other parts of the world. It is still quite difficult to accurately describe the burden of PCa in Africa due to poor cancer registration systems.We systematically reviewed the literature on prostate cancer in Africa and provided a continentwide incidence rate of PCa based on available data in the regio

Cervical human papillomavirus infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions in rural Gambia, West Africa: viral sequence analysis and epidemiology

The development of effective strategies against cervical cancer in Africa requires accurate type specific data on human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence, including determination of DNA sequences in order to maximise local vaccine efficacy. We have investigated cervical HPV infection and squamous intraepithelial lesions (SIL) in an unselected cohort of 1061 women in a rural Gambian community. Squamous intraepithelial lesions was diagnosed using cytology and histology, HPV was typed by PCR-ELISA of DNA extracts, which were also DNA sequenced. The prevalence of cervical HPV infection was 13% and SIL were observed in 7% of subjects. Human papillomavirus-16 was most prevalent and most strongly associated with SIL. Also common were HPV-18, -33, -58 and, notably, -35. Human papillomavirus DNA sequencing revealed HPV-16 samples to be exclusively African type 1 (Af1). Subjects of the Wolof ethnic group had a lower prevalence of HPV infection while subjects aged 25–44 years had a higher prevalence of cervical precancer than older or younger subjects. This first report of HPV prevalence in an unselected, unscreened rural population confirms high rates of SIL and HPV infection in West Africa. This study has implications for the vaccination of Gambian and other African populations in the prevention of cervical cancer

Plant chemicals and the sexual behavior of male tephritid fruit flies

Plant compounds affect insects in many different ways. In addition to being a food source, plants also contain secondary metabolites that may have positive and negative impacts on insects. The influence of these compounds on sexual behavior, in particular, has been the focus of many recent studies. Here, we review the existing literature on the effects of plant compounds on the sexual behavior of tephritid fruit fly males. We put special focus on polyphagous species whose males congregate in leks, where females exert strong mate selection. We first summarize the main findings related to plant compounds that increase male signaling behavior and attraction of females and consequently increase mating frequency, a phenomenon that has been recorded mainly for species of Anastrepha and Ceratitis. In other tephritid species, males are attracted to phenylpropanoids produced by plants (such as methyl eugenol or raspberry ketone) that, upon encounter, are consumed and sequestered by males. These compounds, or metabolic derivatives, which normally have negligible nutritional value, are included in the pheromone and also confer advantages in a sexual context: enhanced female attraction and improved male mating success. These phenomena have been reported for several Bactrocera species as well as for Zeugodacus cucurbitae. Because many tephritid species are serious pests, the effect of plant compounds on male behavior has been explored for potential incorporation into control strategies such as the sterile insect technique (SIT). We conclude noting several factors, such as age and nutrition during larval and adult stage, that modulate the effect of plant compounds on male mating behavior as well as some prominent gaps that preclude a thorough understanding of the plant-mediated enhancement of male sexual performance and hence limit our ability to effectively utilize phytochemicals in pest control strategies.Instituto de GenéticaFil: Segura, Diego Fernando. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética. Laboratorio de Genética de Insectos de Importancia Económica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Belliard, Silvina A. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética. Laboratorio de Genética de Insectos de Importancia Económica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Vera, María Teresa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Bachmann, Guillermo Enrique. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Instituto de Genética. Laboratorio de Genética de Insectos de Importancia Económica; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Ruiz, María Josefina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Agronomía y Zootecnia; ArgentinaFil: Jofre-Barud, Flavia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Fernández, Patricia. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Delta del Paraná; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Lopez, M. Liza. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria San Juan; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Shelly, Todd E. United States Department of Agriculture. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service; Estados Unido