Pediatric vulvar squamous cell carcinoma in a liver transplantation recipient: a case report

Here we report the first Korean case of a girl who developed noninvasive squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva at the age of 16 years. She was taking tacrolimus, an immunosuppressive agent, after living-related liver transplantation. The vulvar masses were microscopically proved as vulvar intraepithelial neoplasm II and III, even squamous cell carcinoma in situ. Human papillomavirus subtypes (69 and 73) and human papillomavirus types (66, 70, 73, and 43) were detected in the vulvar mass and the cervicovaginal smear, respectively. The outcome of liver transplantation for children has been markedly improved during the last several decades. However, the present case highlights the need to perform periodic genital examinations for the adolescents after liver transplantation. In addition to the high risk and probable high subtypes, uncommonly found human papillomavirus subtypes were extracted from her vulvar cancer. The present case is the first to show the possible relationship between previously unknown and uncommon human papillomavirus subtypes and pediatric post-transplant vulvar squamous cell carcinoma. More attention should be paid to the vulvar and cervical surveillance of pediatric transplant recipients by both medical specialists and general physicians

Drug-induced interstitial nephritis in a child with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome

Acute renal failure (ARF) is a rare but severe complication of active idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) in children. It may be due to several causes with different outcomes. Both the clinical picture of the patient as well as laboratory, imaging and histopathological findings may help in the diagnosis. We present a case of drug-induced acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), complicated with ARF, in a 2½ -year-old girl with active INS. The child was referred to the Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece hospital with steroid-resistant NS; renal biopsy was performed, which did not show any remarkable findings and cyclosporine was admi-nistered in addition to steroid therapy. The first day after biopsy, the child developed gross hematuria and abdominal pain and an antibiotic was added to her treatment. In the following days, fever, vomiting, hypertension and ARF occurred. Ultrasound study revealed enlarged kidneys with increased echogenity and loss of corticomedullary differentiation. The antibiotic and cyclos-porine were stopped and the child was managed with furosemide, nifedipine and steroids. A second renal biopsy was performed, which confirmed the diagnosis of acute interstitial nephritis. The child did not require dialysis therapy. Her urine output improved gradually and the serum creatinine normalized one month after the initial episode. Our case re-emphasizes the need for investigation of factors precipitating ARF in children with idiopathic NS