43 research outputs found

    Effet de la substitution partielle de la farine de blé par la purée de banane plantain (Musa AAB AAB) bien mûre sur la qualité des produits de pùtisserie

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    Objectif : La banane plantain, troisiĂšme production vivriĂšre en CĂŽte d’Ivoire, est une denrĂ©e saisonniĂšre sujette Ă  d’importantes pertes post rĂ©colte Ă©valuĂ©es Ă  environ 30 %. Ces pertes surviennent au bout d’un phĂ©nomĂšne de murissement rapide (entre 5 et 9 jours) de la banane mature rĂ©coltĂ©e. Pour contribuer Ă  lever la contrainte de mauvaise conservation et aussi amĂ©liorer la valorisation de la banane plantain, les cultivars Affoto et OrishĂ©lĂ© ont Ă©tĂ© expĂ©rimentĂ©s pour la production de pulpe sĂ©chĂ©e puis la fabrication de gĂąteaux.MĂ©thodologie et rĂ©sultats : La pulpe sĂ©chĂ©e a Ă©tĂ© obtenue en trois journĂ©es de sĂ©chage dans un sĂ©choir solaire type NRI et ConditionnĂ©e dans des sachets de polyĂ©thylĂšne de 80 microns d’épaisseur, à tempĂ©rature ambiante. Les gĂąteaux ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©parĂ©s Ă  l’aide d’appareils domestiques selon des formulations mettant en oeuvre diffĂ©rentes proportions farine de blĂ© et de pulpe sĂ©chĂ©e de banane rehumidifiĂ©e. DiffĂ©rentes mĂ©thodes standard ont permis d’effectuer l’analyse microbiologique de la pulpe sĂ©chĂ©e et de dĂ©terminer les caractĂ©ristiques biochimiques et organoleptiques des gĂąteaux fabriquĂ©s. Le profil microbiologique de la pulpe sĂ©chĂ©e et conditionnĂ©e dans des sachets de polyĂ©thylĂšne de 80 microns d’épaisseur, est restĂ© constant pendant 12 mois, Ă  tempĂ©rature ambiante. Lorsque la proportion de purĂ©e de banane augmente le gĂąteau devient moins Ă©nergĂ©tique, plus dense et plus tendre. La formule 30/70 (farine de blĂ© / purĂ©e de plantain) a Ă©tĂ© retenue comme formule type pour la prĂ©paration du gĂąteau de plantain, compte tenu des prĂ©fĂ©rences organoleptiques (goĂ»t, arĂŽme, aspect, textures
) et Ă©galement des caractĂ©ristiques biochimiques.Conclusion et applications potentielles : Ces gĂąteaux prĂ©sentent un avantage certain, car ils sont faits avec des ingrĂ©dients naturels sans sucre ajoutĂ© et ont une bonne qualitĂ© gustative. La purĂ©e de pulpe de plantain bien mĂ»r pourrait ĂȘtre recommandĂ©e aux industries locales dans la fabrication des produits de pĂątisserie de haute qualitĂ©. La production de la pulpe sĂ©chĂ©e peut se faire Ă  moindre coĂ»t.Mots clĂ©s : Substitution partielle, Farine de blĂ©, Pulpe sĂ©chĂ©e, PurĂ©e de banane plantain Musa AAB, GĂąteaux de plantainEffect of partial substitution of wheat flour with mashed ripe plantain (Musa AAB) on pastry products qualityObjective: Plantain, third food production in CĂŽte d'Ivoire, is a seasonal commodity subject to significant post harvest losses estimated at about 30 %. These losses occur after a rapid ripening phenomenon (5 to 9 days) of the mature banana harvested. To help overcome the stress of poor preservation and improve the development of plantain, cultivars Affoto and OrishĂ©lĂ© were tested for the production of dried pulp and making cakes. Methodology and results: The dried pulp was obtained three days of drying in a solar dryer NRI and packed in polythene bags of 80 microns thickness for 12 months at room temperature. The cakes were prepared using household appliances according formulations implementing different proportions of wheat flour and banana dried pulp re-moistened. Different standard methods have allowed for the microbiological analysis of the dried pulp and to determine the biochemical and organoleptic characteristics of manufactured cakes. Microbiological profile of the dried pulp and packed in polyethylene bags of 80 micron thick remained constant for 12 months at room temperature. When the proportion of mashed banana cake increases the energy becomes less, denser and softer. The 30/70 formula (wheat flour / mashed plantain), was selected as the standard form for the preparation of plantain cake, given the organoleptic preferences (taste, aroma, appearance, texture) and the biochemical characteristics. Conclusion and findings application:To sum up, banana cakes have a certain advantage because they are made with natural ingredients with no added sugar and have a good flavour. Mashed pulp of ripe>plantain could be recommended to local industries in the manufacture of pastry products of high quality. The production of dried pulp can be done cheaply

    Propriétés biochimiques et organoleptiques de trois mets traditionnels ivoiriens (attiéké, placali, attoukpou) à base de granulés de manioc natifs

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    Des granulĂ©s de manioc natif ont Ă©tĂ© produits et conservĂ©s pendant 24 mois en vu de les utiliser aprĂšs reconstitution pour prĂ©parer les mets traditionnels. Trois mets traditionnels ivoiriens (attiĂ©kĂ©, attoukpou, placali) ont Ă©tĂ© confectionnĂ©s avec les granulĂ©s de manioc natif produits Ă  partir trois cultivars de manioc: Bonoua, Soglo et YacĂ©. Les propriĂ©tĂ©s biochimiques et organoleptiques de ces mets ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©terminĂ©es selon les mĂ©thodes d’analyse standard. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© que l’attiĂ©kĂ© de manioc frais contenait 45,17% d’amidon et 0,49% de sucres, tandis que celui obtenu avec les granulĂ©s avait une teneur en amidon de 31,45 et 8,4 % de sucres. En ce qui concerne l’attoukpou, les teneurs en amidon et en sucres Ă©taient respectivement de 47,93 et 0,8% lorsque le manioc frais est utilisĂ© pour la prĂ©paration alors que les teneurs obtenues pour l’attoukpou prĂ©parĂ© avec les granulĂ©s Ă©taient de 35,5% pour l’amidon et 8,4% pour les sucres, comme dans le cas de l’attiĂ©kĂ© des granulĂ©s. L’aciditĂ© titrable du placali est de 20 mĂ©q.g/100 g avec le manioc frais contre 5 mĂ©q. g/100g, pour le produit obtenu avec les granulĂ©s. Le placali de manioc frais contient 0,9 mg HCN/100 g et celui obtenu Ă  partir des granulĂ©s n’en contient que des traces. Les teneurs en amidon, en sucres totaux et en sucres rĂ©ducteurs sont respectivement de 8,37, 12, 3, et 3,03% pour le placali de manioc frais contre 6, 13,2 et 3,55% pour celui fait Ă  partir des granulĂ©s. L’évaluation des propriĂ©tĂ©s organoleptiques des produits a rĂ©vĂ©lé qu’il n’y aucune diffĂ©rence significative entre les produits issus du manioc frais et ceux obtenus avec les granulĂ©s de manioc natif conservĂ©s pendant deux ans, s’agissant de la couleur, l’arĂŽme et de la texture. Par contre, en ce qui concerne le goĂ»t et l’aigreur, les mets confectionnĂ©s avec les granulĂ©s de manioc natifs ont Ă©té jugĂ©s meilleurs par rapport Ă  ceux issus du manioc frais.Mots clĂ©s : GranulĂ©s de manioc natifs, propriĂ©tĂ©s biochimiques et organoleptiques, mets traditionnels ivoiriens, attiĂ©kĂ©, placali, attoukpou

    The Impact of Socio-Demographic and Religious Factors upon Sexual Behavior among Ugandan University Students

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    INTRODUCTION: More knowledge is needed about structural factors in society that affect risky sexual behaviors. Educational institutions such as universities provide an opportune arena for interventions among young people. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sociodemographic and religious factors and their impact on sexual behavior among university students in Uganda. METHODS: In 2005, 980 university students (response rate 80%) were assessed by a self-administered questionnaire. Validated instruments were used to assess socio-demographic and religious factors and sexual behavior. Logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: Our findings indicated that 37% of the male and 49% of the female students had not previously had sex. Of those with sexual experience, 46% of the males and 23% of the females had had three or more sexual partners, and 32% of the males and 38% of the females did not consistently use condoms. For those who rated religion as less important in their family, the probability of early sexual activity and having had a high number of lifetime partners increased by a statistically significant amount (OR = 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2-2.4 and OR = 1.6; 95% CI: 1.1-2.3, respectively). However, the role of religion seemed to have no impact on condom use. Being of Protestant faith interacted with gender: among those who had debuted sexually, Protestant female students were more likely to have had three or more lifetime partners; the opposite was true for Protestant male students. CONCLUSION: Religion emerged as an important determinant of sexual behavior among Ugandan university students. Our findings correlate with the increasing number of conservative religious injunctions against premarital sex directed at young people in many countries with a high burden. of HIV/AIDS. Such influence of religion must be taken into account in order to gain a deeper understanding of the forces that shape sexual behavior in Uganda

    “Everything You Always Wanted to Know about Sex (but Were Afraid to Ask)” in Leishmania after Two Decades of Laboratory and Field Analyses

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    Leishmaniases remain a major public health problem today (350 million people at risk, 12 million infected, and 2 million new infections per year). Despite the considerable progress in cellular and molecular biology and in evolutionary genetics since 1990, the debate on the population structure and reproductive mode of Leishmania is far from being settled and therefore deserves further investigation. Two major hypotheses coexist: clonality versus sexuality. However, because of the lack of clear evidence (experimental or biological confirmation) of sexuality in Leishmania parasites, until today it has been suggested and even accepted that Leishmania species were mainly clonal with infrequent genetic recombination (see [1] for review). Two recent publications, one on Leishmania major (an in vitro experimental study) and one on Leishmania braziliensis (a population genetics analysis), once again have challenged the hypothesis of clonal reproduction. Indeed, the first study experimentally evidenced genetic recombination and proposed that Leishmania parasites are capable of having a sexual cycle consistent with meiotic processes inside the insect vector. The second investigation, based on population genetics studies, showed strong homozygosities, an observation that is incompatible with a predominantly clonal mode of reproduction at an ecological time scale (∌20–500 generations). These studies highlight the need to advance the knowledge of Leishmania biology. In this paper, we first review the reasons stimulating the continued debate and then detail the next essential steps to be taken to clarify the Leishmania reproduction model. Finally, we widen the discussion to other Trypanosomatidae and show that the progress in Leishmania biology can improve our knowledge of the evolutionary genetics of American and African trypanosomes

    Erratum to: Scaling up strategies of the chronic respiratory disease programme of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (Action Plan B3: Area 5).

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    [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0116-9.]

    Erratum to: Scaling up strategies of the chronic respiratory disease programme of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (Action Plan B3: Area 5).

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    [This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0116-9.]

    Validation d’une mĂ©thode de quantification de l’alcoolĂ©mie chez les conducteurs impliquĂ©s dans des accidents corporels de la circulation routiĂšre en Cote d’Ivoire

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    Objectifs: 1. Valider une mĂ©thode simple et fiable de quantification de l’alcoolĂ©mie tenant comptede la disponibilitĂ© de nos ressources matĂ©rielles et humaines 2. Evaluer l’alcoolisation chez des conducteurs impliquĂ©s dans un accident corporel de la circulation routiĂšreMatĂ©riels et MĂ©thodes: Nous avons adaptĂ© la mĂ©thode de prĂ©paration d’échantillon de sang total dĂ©veloppĂ©e par Szymanowicz et nous avons dĂ©terminĂ© l’alcoolĂ©mie par CPGFID en utilisant le N-propanol comme Etalon Interne. Cette mĂ©thode a Ă©tĂ© validĂ©e selon les critĂšres classiques recommandĂ©s Ă  savoir la dĂ©termination de : la justesse, l’exactitude, le taux de recouvrement, la linĂ©aritĂ©, la LOD et la LOQ. Une fois validĂ©e, la mĂ©thode a étĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă  un Ă©chantillon de conducteurs blessĂ©s suite Ă  un AVP et recrutĂ©s aux urgences du CHU de Yopougon et Ă  l’IMLA en vue de la quantification de l’alcoolĂ©mie.RĂ©sultats: La mĂ©thode que nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ©e a dĂ©montrĂ©e qu’elle possĂ©dait toutes les qualitĂ©s d’une mĂ©thode fiable et rĂ©pondant aux critĂšres de performances analytiques requises en terme de sĂ©lectivitĂ©, de fidĂ©litĂ© (CV < 5%), de justesse (biais= 0,03-0,065 g/L) et de linĂ©aritĂ© (R2 > 0,999). La LOQ (0,146 g/L) est parfaitement adaptĂ©e aux besoins de la lĂ©gislation en CĂŽte d’Ivoire (alcoolĂ©mie ≀ 0,8 g/L). Les alcoolĂ©mies mesurĂ©es chez les conducteurs alcoolisĂ©s dĂ©passent en moyenne de 2,4 fois le seuil lĂ©gal en CĂŽte d’Ivoire.Conclusion: L’application de notre mĂ©thode Ă  l’étude des traumatismes associĂ©s Ă  la conduite sous l’influence de l’alcool Ă  Abidjan dĂ©montre l’importance de l’Expertise Toxicologique dans les stratĂ©gies de prĂ©vention du traumatisme routier et dans le renforcement de la loi en CĂŽte d’Ivoire.Mots clĂ©s: AlcoolĂ©mie ; CPG-FID ; Validation ; Performances Analytiques ; Conduite sous influence ; Traumatisme routier.English Title: Validation of a GC-FID method for the quantification of blood alcohol concentration in drivers involved in a road traffic accident in Cote d’IvoireEnglish AbstractObjectives: 1. To validate a simple and reliable method for the quantification of blood alcohol concentration which take into account the availability of our material and human resources;2. To assess alcohol consumption in drivers injured following a road traffic accident.Material and Methods: We modified the blood sample extraction and preparation method described by Szymanowicz, and blood alcohol concentration was quantified using GCFID with N-propanol as Internal Standard. This method was validated following the required international criteria: precision, accuracy, recovery, linearity, LOD and LOQ. Then, we applied the method to assess blood alcohol concentration in a sample of drivers injured after a road traffic accident and admitted to the Emergency Room or the Forensic Institute.Results: We have developed a reliable method who demonstrated a good compliance with analytical performance requirements in terms of repeatability (CV < 5%), accuracy (bias= 0.03-0.065 g/L) and linearity (R2 > 0.999). LOQ (0.146 g/L) was perfectly adapted to the needs of the Drink-Driving Law in Cote d’Ivoire (Statutory threshold ≀ 0.8 g/L). Blood Alcohol Concentrations in drivers who have drunk was on average 2.4 times the statutory threshold in Cote d’Ivoire.Conclusion: The application of our analytical method to the study of trauma associated to driving under the influence of alcohol in Abidjan, demonstrated the relevance of Toxicology Expertise in road injury prevention strategies and the strengthening of drinkdriving law in Cote d’Ivoire.Keywords: Blood Alcohol Concentration; GC-FID; Method Validation; Analytical Performances; Driving Under Influence of Alcohol; Road Traffic Injur
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