662 research outputs found
Robotic excision of a difficult retrorectal cyst Ăą a video vignette
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153653/1/codi14862_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/153653/2/codi14862.pd
Characterizations of classes of risk measures by dispersive orders
In this paper, a class C of risk measures, which generalizes the class of risk measures for the right-tail
deviation suggested by Wang (1998), is characterized in terms of dispersive order. If dispersive order does not
hold, unanimous comparisons are still possible by restricting our attention to a subclass of C and then the criterion is the excess wealth order. Sufficient conditions for stochastic equivalence of excess wealth ordered random variables are derived in terms of some particular measures of this subclass.Ministerio de EducaciĂłn y Ciencia (grant SEJ2005-06678
Naturally Acquired Binding-Inhibitory Antibodies to Plasmodium vivax Duffy Binding Protein in Pregnant Women Are Associated with Higher Birth Weight in a Multicenter Study
A vaccine to eliminate malaria would need a multi-stage and
multi-species composition to achieve robust protection, but the
lack of knowledge about antigen targets and mechanisms of
protection precludes the development of fully efficacious
malaria vaccines, especially for Plasmodium vivax (Pv). Pregnant
women constitute a risk population who would greatly benefit
from a vaccine preventing the adverse events of Plasmodium
infection during gestation. We hypothesized that functional
immune responses against putative targets of naturally acquired
immunity to malaria and vaccine candidates will be associated
with protection against malaria infection and/or poor outcomes
during pregnancy. We measured (i) IgG responses to a large panel
of Pv and Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) antigens, (ii) the capacity
of anti-Pv ligand Duffy binding protein (PvDBP) antibodies to
inhibit binding to Duffy antigen, and (iii) cellular immune
responses to two Pv antigens, in a subset of 1,056 pregnant
women from Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, India, and Papua New
Guinea (PNG). There were significant intraspecies and
interspecies correlations for most antibody responses (e.g.,
PfMSP119 versus PfAMA1, Spearman's rho = 0.81). Women from PNG
and Colombia had the highest levels of IgG overall.
Submicroscopic infections seemed sufficient to boost antibody
responses in Guatemala but not antigen-specific cellular
responses in PNG. Brazil had the highest percentage of Duffy
binding inhibition (p-values versus Colombia: 0.040; Guatemala:
0.047; India: 0.003, and PNG: 0.153) despite having low
anti-PvDBP IgG levels. Almost all antibodies had a positive
association with present infection, and coinfection with the
other species increased this association. Anti-PvDBP,
anti-PfMSP1, and anti-PfAMA1 IgG levels at recruitment were
positively associated with infection at delivery (p-values:
0.010, 0.003, and 0.023, respectively), suggesting that they are
markers of malaria exposure. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
from Pv-infected women presented fewer CD8+IFN-gamma+ T cells
and secreted more G-CSF and IL-4 independently of the stimulus
used in vitro. Functional anti-PvDBP levels at recruitment had a
positive association with birth weight (difference per doubling
antibody levels: 45 g, p-value: 0.046). Thus, naturally acquired
binding-inhibitory antibodies to PvDBP might confer protection
against poor outcomes of Pv malaria in pregnancy
Inflammatory Bowel Disease is Similar in Patients with Older Onset and Younger Onset
Background: As the American population is aging, the number of older people with inflammatory bowel disease is increasing. We used clinical data from the Sinai-Helmsley Alliance for Research Excellence (SHARE), a prospective cohort, to examine disease and treatment differences in older adults. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study assessing demographics and disease behavior by age at diagnosis with univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyses. "Older-onset" patients were diagnosed after age 60, "younger-onset" patients were diagnosed before age 60 but are older than 60 years, and the remainder were "young." Results: There were 91 older-onset, 389 younger-onset, and 3431 young patients with Crohn's disease. Older-onset patients had more ileal (37%) and colonic (27%) disease compared with younger-onset and young patients. There were no differences in disease behavior, location, or surgeries between older-onset and young patients with Crohn's disease within 5 years of diagnosis. Older-onset patients with inflammatory disease had a higher odds of being in remission. Young patients reported more anti-tumor necrosis factor and thiopurine use compared with younger-onset and older-onset patients (P < 0.01). There were 98 older-onset, 218 younger-onset, and 1702 young patients with ulcerative colitis. There were no differences in disease extent, activity index, or surgeries. Young patients with ulcerative colitis reported more anti-tumor necrosis factor use (26%) compared with younger-onset patients (17%, P < 0.01). Conclusions: Disease behavior or location was not different between younger and older adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Older patients were less likely to be treated with immunosuppression. If older patients have similar disease behavior, less frequent treatment with immunosuppressives may risk suboptimally controlled disease
Microsatellite Genotyping of Plasmodium vivax Isolates from Pregnant Women in Four Malaria Endemic Countries
Plasmodium vivax is the most widely distributed human parasite
and the main cause of human malaria outside the African
continent. However, the knowledge about the genetic variability
of P. vivax is limited when compared to the information
available for P. falciparum. We present the results of a study
aimed at characterizing the genetic structure of P. vivax
populations obtained from pregnant women from different malaria
endemic settings. Between June 2008 and October 2011 nearly 2000
pregnant women were recruited during routine antenatal care at
each site and followed up until delivery. A capillary blood
sample from the study participants was collected for genotyping
at different time points. Seven P. vivax microsatellite markers
were used for genotypic characterization on a total of 229 P.
vivax isolates obtained from Brazil, Colombia, India and Papua
New Guinea. In each population, the number of alleles per locus,
the expected heterozygosity and the levels of multilocus linkage
disequilibrium were assessed. The extent of genetic
differentiation among populations was also estimated. Six
microsatellite loci on 137 P. falciparum isolates from three
countries were screened for comparison. The mean value of
expected heterozygosity per country ranged from 0.839 to 0.874
for P. vivax and from 0.578 to 0.758 for P. falciparum. P. vivax
populations were more diverse than those of P. falciparum. In
some of the studied countries, the diversity of P. vivax
population was very high compared to the respective level of
endemicity. The level of inter-population differentiation was
moderate to high in all P. vivax and P. falciparum populations
studied
Support for collective action against refugees: The role of national, European, and global identifications, and autochthony beliefs
To understand recent anti-refugee protests in Europe, we examined how different levels of inclusiveness of group identities (national, European, and global) are related to intentions to protest among native Europeans. We focused on the mediating role of autochthony (a belief that the first inhabitants of a territory are more entitled) and the moderating role of threat. Survey data from 11 European countries (N=1909) showed that national identification was positively associated with autochthony, and therefore, with the intention to protest against refugees. In contrast, global identification was related to lower protest intentions via lower autochthony. These paths were found only among Europeans who perceived refugees as a threat. European identification was not related to the endorsement of autochthony or to collective action. These findings indicate why and when majority members are willing to participate in collective action against refugees, and underscore the importance of global identification in the acceptance of refugees
Regular breakfast consumption and type 2 diabetes risk markers in 9- to 10-year-old children in the child heart and health study in England (CHASE): a cross-sectional analysis.
BACKGROUND: Regular breakfast consumption may protect against type 2 diabetes risk in adults but little is known about its influence on type 2 diabetes risk markers in children. We investigated the associations between breakfast consumption (frequency and content) and risk markers for type 2 diabetes (particularly insulin resistance and glycaemia) and cardiovascular disease in children.
METHODS AND FINDINGS: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 4,116 UK primary school children aged 9-10 years. Participants provided information on breakfast frequency, had measurements of body composition, and gave fasting blood samples for measurements of blood lipids, insulin, glucose, and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). A subgroup of 2,004 children also completed a 24-hour dietary recall. Among 4,116 children studied, 3,056 (74%) ate breakfast daily, 450 (11%) most days, 372 (9%) some days, and 238 (6%) not usually. Graded associations between breakfast frequency and risk markers were observed; children who reported not usually having breakfast had higher fasting insulin (percent difference 26.4%, 95% CI 16.6%-37.0%), insulin resistance (percent difference 26.7%, 95% CI 17.0%-37.2%), HbA1c (percent difference 1.2%, 95% CI 0.4%-2.0%), glucose (percent difference 1.0%, 95% CI 0.0%-2.0%), and urate (percent difference 6%, 95% CI 3%-10%) than those who reported having breakfast daily; these differences were little affected by adjustment for adiposity, socioeconomic status, and physical activity levels. When the higher levels of triglyceride, systolic blood pressure, and C-reactive protein for those who usually did not eat breakfast relative to those who ate breakfast daily were adjusted for adiposity, the differences were no longer significant. Children eating a high fibre cereal breakfast had lower insulin resistance than those eating other breakfast types (p for heterogeneity <0.01). Differences in nutrient intakes between breakfast frequency groups did not account for the differences in type 2 diabetes markers.
CONCLUSIONS: Children who ate breakfast daily, particularly a high fibre cereal breakfast, had a more favourable type 2 diabetes risk profile. Trials are needed to quantify the protective effect of breakfast on emerging type 2 diabetes risk. Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary
A Descriptive Study of Colorectal Cancer in Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of death from cancer worldwide. This study provides an overview of changes in sociod-demographic parameters in patients with colorectal cancer (henceforth CRC) disease in a local cancer hospital in Sulaymaniyah province of Kurdistan region of Iraq. The study included 113 patients admitted to Hiwa Cancer Hospital, Sulaymaniyah from January 2014 to December 2015. The data collection lasted for 3 weeks (from 19/12/2015 to 11/01/2016) and was obtained from the management department of Hiwa Cancer Hospital. Several socio-demographic parameters including age, gender, and smoking, as well as biochemical parameters such as liver function, renal function and blood glucose level were studied and statistically analyzed. Results have shown that the majority of CRC patients were neither current smoker nor x-smoker (P-value < 0.05). Males suffered from CRC at an earlier age compared to females (P-value < 0.05). Regarding the biochemical tests, there was no significant correlation between CRC and impaired liver function during the diagnosis process and most of the study patients had a normal liver function test on presentation. In contrast, the correlation between CRC and impaired renal function on presentation was statistically siginificant (P-value < 0.05). No significant difference was noted in the means of hematological and biochemical parameters between males and females, except for white blood cells and serum Aspartate Aminotransferase. White blood cells and total serum bilirubin showed significant differences (P-value < 0.05) between smoker and nonsmoker sub-populations. It was concluded that CRC is one of the common cancers in Sulaymaniyah province. Males develop it at an earlier age compared to females, and the impaired renal function is a significant finding on presentation
Plasmodium vivax lineages: geographical distribution, tandem repeat polymorphism, and phylogenetic relationship
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Multi-drug resistance and severe/complicated cases are the emerging phenotypes of vivax malaria, which may deteriorate current anti-malarial control measures. The emergence of these phenotypes could be associated with either of the two <it>Plasmodium vivax </it>lineages. The two lineages had been categorized as Old World and New World, based on geographical sub-division and genetic and phenotypical markers. This study revisited the lineage hypothesis of <it>P. vivax </it>by typing the distribution of lineages among global isolates and evaluated their genetic relatedness using a panel of new mini-satellite markers.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p><it>18S SSU rRNA S-type </it>gene was amplified from 420 <it>Plasmodium vivax </it>field isolates collected from different geographical regions of India, Thailand and Colombia as well as four strains each of <it>P. vivax </it>originating from Nicaragua, Panama, Thailand (Pak Chang), and Vietnam (ONG). A mini-satellite marker panel was then developed to understand the population genetic parameters and tested on a sample subset of both lineages.</p> <p>Results</p> <p><it>18S SSU rRNA S-type </it>gene typing revealed the distribution of both lineages (Old World and New World) in all geographical regions. However, distribution of <it>Plasmodium vivax </it>lineages was highly variable in every geographical region. The lack of geographical sub-division between lineages suggests that both lineages are globally distributed. Ten mini-satellites were scanned from the <it>P. vivax </it>genome sequence; these tandem repeats were located in eight of the chromosomes. Mini-satellites revealed substantial allelic diversity (7-21, <it>AE </it>= 14.6 ± 2.0) and heterozygosity (<it>He </it>= 0.697-0.924, <it>AE </it>= 0.857 ± 0.033) per locus. Mini-satellite comparison between the two lineages revealed high but similar pattern of genetic diversity, allele frequency, and high degree of allele sharing. A Neighbour-Joining phylogenetic tree derived from genetic distance data obtained from ten mini-satellites also placed both lineages together in every cluster.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The global lineage distribution, lack of genetic distance, similar pattern of genetic diversity, and allele sharing strongly suggested that both lineages are a single species and thus new emerging phenotypes associated with vivax malaria could not be clearly classified as belonging to a particular lineage on basis of their geographical origin.</p
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