Vocabulary on the Playground

The purpose of this article is to give a brief overview of the vocabulary inst ruction research, delineate vocabulary instructional guidelines based on the research, recommend procedures to follow when using physical education activities for teaching vocabulary, and suggest words that are logically associated with specific physical education activities

A Whole Language Flight Plan: An Interview with Three Teachers

Implementation of a whole language program is many times a solo flight for a teacher. In preparation for a flight the pilot (teacher) must be aware of obstacles that may be encountered and must have a vision of the intended destination. This knowledge will enable the pilot to chart a safer course and prepare for any turbulence en route, thus increasing the chances for a successful journey

A Re-Examination of the IRI: Word RecognitionCriteria

A persistent yet unresolved question about the informal reading inventory (I RI) is, What word recognition criterion and comprehension criterion are appropriate for identifying instructional reading levels of elementary students?1I The fact that identification of appropriate recognition of words and comprehension criteria have not received wide attention by researchers is surprising, in view of its importance for the placement of students in reading material that will insure optimum progress in reading

Un-ionized Ammonia Exposure in Nile Tilapia: Toxicity, Stress Response, and Susceptibility to \u3ci\u3eStreptococcus agalactiae\u3c/i\u3e

A series of experiments were conducted to determine the toxicity, behavior, blood glucose stress response, and disease susceptibility in Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus following un-ionized ammonia (UIA) exposure. The acute toxicity of un-ionized ammonia to Nile tilapia was measured in a 96-h static test. The median lethal concentration (LC50) was 1.46 mg/L UIA at 24 and 48 h postexposure, 1.33 mg/ L at 72 h postexposure, and 0.98 mg/L at 96 h postexposure. No mortalities were noted in unexposed (0 mg/ L) control fish or fish exposed to 0.5 mg/L UIA. However, 93–100% mortalities were observed within 24 h among fish exposed to 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 mg/L UIA. In additional UIA exposure experiments, Nile tilapia were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.32–0.37 mg/L UIA) for 24 h and then administered an intraperitoneal injection with 750 colony-forming units (CFU) of Streptococcus agalactiae per fish. Mortalities of UIA-exposed and control fish were not significantly different 21 d postchallenge. Blood glucose levels were not significantly different between exposed and control fish 24 h after the beginning of UIA exposure or between preexposure fish and 24-h postexposure fish. Glucose levels in both groups increased significantly after UIA exposure and subsequent bacterial challenge, suggesting that Nile tilapia experienced handling or infection stress and not necessarily UIA exposure stress alone. During a time course study with 24-h UIA exposure, sequential blood glucose samples indicated acute stress responses 1–4 h postexposure that decreased by 24 h postexposure. The results of this study indicate that exposure to increased UIA concentrations alone had acute, transient effects on stress responses in Nile tilapia and that 24-h exposure to sublethal UIA concentrations up to 0.37 mg/L did not increase susceptibility to S. agalactiae

Human Streptococcus agalactiae Isolate in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Streptococcus agalactiae, the Lancefield group B streptococcus (GBS) long recognized as a mammalian pathogen, is an emerging concern with regard to fish. We show that a GBS serotype Ia multilocus sequence type ST-7 isolate from a clinical case of human neonatal meningitis caused disease and death in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)