Implications of Nanopesticides on Downstream Wetland Ecosystems

Nanopesticides are thought to be a promising course of action for reducing agricultural impacts on the environment, however, little is known regarding the fate and transport of nanopesticides, specifically their influence on downstream wetland ecosystems. The objective of this study was to assess the implications of a nano-Cu fungicide (Kocide 3000) and a neonicotinoid insecticide (imidacloprid) on downstream wetland habitats, particularly their effects on wetland nutrient cycling, using fifteen mesocosm wetlands. The complex interactions between nitrogen, Kocide 3000, and imidacloprid were found to increase nitrate removal rates, decrease phosphate removal rates, and inhibit nitrogen uptake in below-ground biomass. Each treatment, with the exception of the pure control, was found to remove 84 – 99% of nitrate over the sampling period, with removal rates ranging from 0.42 to 1.69 d-1. Imidacloprid was observed to photodegrade but was not completely removed from the wetlands by the end of the sampling period. Large pre-existing copper concentrations in source water led to inconclusive results regarding Kocide 3000 removal. Findings from this study can provide insight on the fate of nanopesticides in downstream wetland habitats, as well as provide guidance for the design of best management practices for managing agroecosystem pesticide loads

Understanding Spray Attributes of Commercial UAAS as Impacted by Operational and Design Parameters

Unmanned aerial application systems (UAAS) have recently gained momentum for the application of crop protection (CP) products. Due to their high operational efficiency, mobility, and low cost, UAAS may be perceived as a more viable option for spray application when compared to conventional application techniques, especially backpack/knapsack sprayers. However, being a relatively new technology and not a common practice in the USA, there are no best management practices or guidelines for testing UAAS spray performance. Therefore, this study was undertaken to assess the impact of different attributes pertinent to UAAS flight (e.g., altitude, speed, etc.), application (e.g., droplet size, tank additive, etc.), and UAAS design (e.g., nozzle placement relative to a the rotor) on spray performance. The spray performance was evaluated in terms of swath and spray drift (ground and airborne) using water-sensitive papers (WSP) and mylar card/string samplers, respectively. The samplers were respectively analyzed using image processing and fluorometry techniques. The different treatments under study were UAAS type (MG-1P and AG V6A+), flight altitude (1.5, 2.5, and 4.0 m) and speed (2 and 3 ms−1), and nozzle type (XR11001 and XR8002 flat fan nozzles) with different droplet volume median diameter (VMD) at ~207 kPa (very fine [140 µm] and fine [196 µm], respectively). The results indicated a highly variable swath for both platform types. While nozzles under each rotor may be a common design in commercial UAAS, the results indicated that placement of nozzles out on a boom might have a less variable swath and a lower drift potential. In addition, flying slower, using a relatively larger droplet VMD (i.e., 196 µm at ~207 kPa) may reduce both ground and airborne drift. This study may serve as a guideline for growers/operators to evaluate their UAAS platforms and optimize key attributes pertinent to UAAS operation for effective spraying

Factors Which Facilitate or Impede Interpersonal Interactions and Relationships after Spinal Cord Injury: A Scoping Review with Suggestions for Rehabilitation

Interpersonal interactions and relationships can influence an individual’s perceptions of health and quality of life in the presence of disability. In the case of people with spinal cord injury (SCI), positive interpersonal interactions and relationships have been shown to contribute to resilience and adaptability. Understanding factors which facilitate or impede the development and maintenance of relationships after SCI may form the basis for proactive relationship support for people with SCI. To gain a broad insight into these factors, a scoping review was undertaken. Databases were searched for English language studies published between 2000 and 2015 that informed the review question. Sixty-two (62) studies were identified. Thematic analysis was conducted on data extracted from the studies and 51 factors which may facilitate relationships and 38 factors which may impede relationships after SCI were noted. The majority of factors could be categorized as environmental or personal according to the domains of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health (ICF). The facilitating factors included partner and social support, reciprocity in relationships, and presenting oneself positively. Impeding factors included physical environmental barriers, real and perceived social biases, and poor self-image. Factors identified may inform the provision of supportive, holistic rehabilitation for people with SCI