Application of 2-Trichloromethylbenzimidazole in Analytical Chemistry: A Highly Selective Chromogenic Reagent for Thin-Layer Chromatography and Some Other Analytical Uses

2-Trichloromethylbenzimidazole (TCMB) was used as a chromogenic reagent in organic or inorganic analysis, mainly in thin-layer chromatography (TLC). In reactions of TCMB with some heteroaromatic nitrogen containing compounds, such as azines, azoles and benzazoles, a formation of high colored products occurred. For azines, the chromogenic reaction was highly regioselective, since the both adjacent α-positions versus the nitrogen atom(s) must not be substituted. A TLC method of detection was developed. Thirty azines, azoles, and benzazoles were detected at the detection limit 10 ng to 1 μg. This method was also applied for detection of heteroaromatic pesticides, and the attempts to construct active and passive dosimeters for nicotine were made. In a prechromatographic reaction of aromatic o-diamines with methyl trichloroacetimidate, TCMB or its derivatives were formed in situ. Followed by TLC and visualization in pyridine vapors, this procedure was applied for detection of o-phenylenediamine derivatives. The reaction product of TCMB and pyridine (LI Complex) was identified and fully characterized. Two different reaction mechanisms: with electron deficient basic heteroaromatic compounds, like pyridine, and with more acidic compounds, for example, pyrrole, were discussed. In aqueous solutions, the LI Complex may be also used as a new indicator for complexometric, adsorption and acid-base titration of inorganic compounds

Aplikacja INDXR jako narzędzie udostępniania treści Metryki Koronnej – przykład księgi MK 126 z czasów Stefana Batorego

The article discusses the new possibilities of making the contents of books of the Crown Metrica available using the INDXR application. This tool has been successfully implemented in projects using various types of mass sources. It makes it possible to easily combine the descriptive form and characteristics of the source content with its scans. It meets the needs and requirements related to making the contents of the Crown Metrica available, which has so far been presented in the series of Matricularum Regni Poloniae Summaria or Sumariusz Metryki Koronnej. A New Series. The text offers some suggestions concerning the structure of source information, based on the experience of using the INDXR application in the preparation of book MK 126 from the reign of King Stephen Báthory.Artykuł omawia nowe możliwości udostępniania zawartości ksiąg Metryki Koronnej przy wykorzystaniu aplikacji INDXR. Narzędzie to zostało z powodzeniem implementowane w projektach wykorzystujących różnego typu źródła o charakterze masowym. Pozwala ono w prosty sposób połączyć formę opisową i charakterystykę treści źródła z jego skanami. Odpowiada potrzebom i wymaganiom związanym z udostępnianiem zawartości Metryki Koronnej, którą przybliżały dotąd serie Matricularum Regni Poloniae Summaria czy Sumariusz Metryki Koronnej. Seria nowa. Tekst zawiera pewne propozycje dotyczące struktury informacji źródłowych, bazujące na doświadczeniach związanych z wykorzystaniem aplikacji INDXR w opracowaniu księgi MK 126 z czasów panowania Stefana Batorego

Od emotikonów po GIF-y – ewolucja przyjęzykowych wykładników komunikacji internetowej

Autorka poddaje analizie ewolucję przyjęzykowych wykładników komunikacji internetowej na podstawie takich portali, jak Facebook, Instagram oraz Twitter, ponieważ, jak tłumaczy, są one najbardziej popularne i oferują najwięcej możliwości związanych z ekspresją językową. Badania rozpoczyna od najdawniejszych, a tym samym najbardziej podstawowych emotikonów.Publikacja dofinansowana ze środków rektorskich na działalność kół naukowyc

Przepisy o ochronie danych osobowych - jak biblioteki sobie z tym radzą?

Autorka opisuje swoje doświadczenia ze szkoleń, jakie przeprowadza dla bibliotekarzy. Sygnalizuje tematykę szkoleń, trudności, jakie wynikają z przyswajania wiedzy, przytacza przepisy, które powinny być w bibliotekach przestrzegane w związku z ochroną danych osobowych

C5AC_5^A axial form factor from bubble chamber experiments

A careful reanalysis of both Argonne National Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory data for weak single pion production is done. We consider deuteron nuclear effects and normalization (flux) uncertainties in both experiments. We demonstrate that these two sets of data are in good agreement. For the dipole parametrization of $C_5^A(Q^2)$, we obtain $C_5^A(0)=1.19\pm 0.08$, $M_A=0.94\pm 0.03$ GeV. As an application we present the discussion of the uncertainty of the neutral current 1$\pi^0$ production cross section, important for the T2K neutrino oscillation experiment.Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, 2 table

POLISH TOWNS AND THE CHANGES IN THEIR AREAS AND POPULATION DENSITIES

DOI: 10.2478 Available on-line at: http://www.bulletinofgeography.umk.pl http://versita.com/bgssThis article presents the spatial and population density changes in Polish towns in the years 1960–2003. The assumed time frame allowed identifying area changes for a complete set of towns in different socio-economic conditions: the period of intense industrialisation, the economic crisis of the 1980s, the period of economic transition and finally in the years of a market economy. The investigation revealed that the trend shown by changes and the size of a town as measured by the number of its population are distinctly interrelated. It also demonstrated a much stronger dynamics of changes in the first subperiod, i.e. years 1960–1985, followed by a phase of relative stabilization (compared with the previous period) after the year 1980 (mainly of the spatial changes). Moreover, change intensity and change trends observed for the urban areas and population densities vary considerably in terms of space

Probing thermonuclear supernova explosions with neutrinos

Aims: We present neutrino light curves and energy spectra for two representative type Ia supernova explosion models: a pure deflagration and a delayed detonation. Methods: We calculate the neutrino flux from $\beta$ processes using nuclear statistical equilibrium abundances convoluted with approximate neutrino spectra of the individual nuclei and the thermal neutrino spectrum (pair+plasma). Results: Although the two considered thermonuclear supernova explosion scenarios are expected to produce almost identical electromagnetic output, their neutrino signatures appear vastly different, which allow an unambiguous identification of the explosion mechanism: a pure deflagration produces a single peak in the neutrino light curve, while the addition of the second maximum characterizes a delayed-detonation. We identified the following main contributors to the neutrino signal: (1) weak electron neutrino emission from electron captures (in particular on the protons Co55 and Ni56) and numerous beta-active nuclei produced by the thermonuclear flame and/or detonation front, (2) electron antineutrinos from positron captures on neutrons, and (3) the thermal emission from pair annihilation. We estimate that a pure deflagration supernova explosion at a distance of 1 kpc would trigger about 14 events in the future 50 kt liquid scintillator detector and some 19 events in a 0.5 Mt water Cherenkov-type detector. Conclusions: While in contrast to core-collapse supernovae neutrinos carry only a very small fraction of the energy produced in the thermonuclear supernova explosion, the SN Ia neutrino signal provides information that allows us to unambiguously distinguish between different possible explosion scenarios. These studies will become feasible with the next generation of proposed neutrino observatories.Comment: Version accepted to Astronomy&Astrophysics. See http://ribes.if.uj.edu.pl/snIa for related animations and numerical dat

The T2K Side Muon Range Detector

The T2K experiment is a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment aiming to observe the appearance of {\nu} e in a {\nu}{\mu} beam. The {\nu}{\mu} beam is produced at the Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex (J-PARC), observed with the 295 km distant Super- Kamiokande Detector and monitored by a suite of near detectors at 280m from the proton target. The near detectors include a magnetized off-axis detector (ND280) which measures the un-oscillated neutrino flux and neutrino cross sections. The present paper describes the outermost component of ND280 which is a side muon range detector (SMRD) composed of scintillation counters with embedded wavelength shifting fibers and Multi-Pixel Photon Counter read-out. The components, performance and response of the SMRD are presented.Comment: 13 pages, 19 figures v2: fixed several typos; fixed reference

Measurement of Through-Going Particle Momentum By Means Of Multiple Scattering With The ICARUS T600 TPC

The ICARUS collaboration has demonstrated, following the operation of a 600 ton (T600) detector at shallow depth, that the technique based on liquid Argon TPCs is now mature. The study of rare events, not contemplated in the Standard Model, can greatly benefit from the use of this kind of detectors. In particular, a deeper understanding of atmospheric neutrino properties will be obtained thanks to the unprecedented quality of the data ICARUS provides. However if we concentrate on the T600 performance, most of the $\nu_\mu$ charged current sample will be partially contained, due to the reduced dimensions of the detector. In this article, we address the problem of how well we can determine the kinematics of events having partially contained tracks. The analysis of a large sample of atmospheric muons collected during the T600 test run demonstrate that, in case the recorded track is at least one meter long, the muon momentum can be reconstructed by an algorithm that measures the Multiple Coulomb Scattering along the particle's path. Moreover, we show that momentum resolution can be improved by a factor two using an algorithm based on the Kalman Filtering technique