Comparative Analysis of Image Enhancement Techniques for Ultrasound Liver Image

Liver cancer is the sixth most common malignant tumour in the world and the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. To diagnose such liver diseases, In this paper comparison has been made for various image enhancement techniques that are applied to liver ultrasound image. Three types of liver ultrasound images used are normal, benign and malignant liver images. The techniques, which are compared on the basis of two evaluation parameters Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE) including, Contrast Stretching, Shock Filter, Histogram Equalization, Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE).Such a comparison would be helpful in determining the best suited method for clinical diagnosis. It also has been observed that the Shock filter gives the better performance than others for liver ultrasonic image analysis.DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v2i6.151

Primary ovarian pregnancy: early diagnosis still a myth

Primary ovarian pregnancy occurs quite rarely accounting for 1 to 3%. And that too usually in young highly fertile multiparous women using intra uterine device and is associated with rupture very early in the gestation. We present a case where a young primigravida presented with abdominal pain and was diagnosed as ectopic pregnancy and was confirmed intra-operatively and histopathologically as primary ovarian pregnancy, managed with partial ovariectomy

Study of Ethno-Medicinal Wild Edible Leafy Vegetables Used by Local Tribes in District Jashpur, Chhattisgarh.

The leaves of numerous cultivated and wild plants are used as vegetables in India. They are incredibly simple to grow and offer a very high preventive food value. The natural vegetation of Chhattisgarh plays a crucial role in the economy and way of life of the tribal and ethnic communities. In remote areas of Chhattisgarh, leafy vegetables are crucial to the nutritional needs of the native and tribal population. In addition to providing a substantial amount of food, leafy vegetables also significantly contribute to the population's nutrition all year long. An extensive survey of the leafy vegetables consumed by the tribal community in different parts of the Sanna district of Jashpur Chhattisgarh was conducted as part of the current investigation. According to this study, the state of Chhattisgarh uses roughly 36 species of plants as a source of leafy vegetables. There are 35 leafy plants used in ethnomedicine. they were dispersed across many life forms. They included 4 species of trees, 3 species of shrubs, 23 species of herbs, and 5 species of climbers, but it was astonishing to see during the survey that nearly 35 plant species were discovered to be employed in various parts of Sanna. Numerous vegetables are also used by the locals as a source of herbal treatments for ailments like arthritis, jaundice, colds and coughs, fever, headaches, bronchial asthma, ulcers, skin problems, and other

Medical oxygen a vital in Covid 19 pandemic: production techniques from natural to man-made

Oxygen is the most important source for the survival of all living organisms. Our daily activities require energy and itcomes from the food we consume when the oxygen present in our blood burns that food. The deficiency of oxygen disturbsthe entire functioning of organs in the body. Around 50-80% of the natural oxygen production on Earth comes from theocean. The oxygen production from ocean is the result of drifting plants, algae, and some bacteria that can photosynthesize.Oxygen has many applications like chemical processing, medical application, and many more. Different types of methodsare available to produce oxygen at a considerable scale, e.g., cryogenic, pressure swing, electrochemical. In this article, wediscuss the stepwise process of various methods to produce oxygen and the challenges associated with details

Oxygen Production Through an Efficient Electrochemical Process

477-4822021Whenever we think about life sustainability, the most crucial thing that comes first in our mind is oxygen. In the current scenario, oxygen production has grown tremendously due to its increasing demand from health sectors: the complexity, availability, and high cost of oxygen taken as a drawback. So, the development of an efficient, durable, and cost-effective oxygen production technology is necessary. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the process of generating molecular oxygen via a chemical reaction. Scientists now a days focus more on OER-based methods for portable device fabrication to generate breathable oxygen due to its economic and eco-friendly properties. In this article, we demonstrated the simple design and fabrication of an electrochemical-based oxygen evolution setup. The setup involves a plastic jar of (5 Litre) containing 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution, and at the top portion, two holes were created for the immersion of the stainless-steel rod cathode and an anode electrode, which were connected to the power supply. The oxygen generation started in the bubbles form on the supply of voltage of 13V and 9.5A current. The produced oxygen is collected through the plastic tube. It also gives hydrogen, which can be separately stored. At the initial stage, the rate of oxygen production was 2.0 liter/min

Oxygen Production Through an Efficient Electrochemical Process

Whenever we think about life sustainability, the most crucial thing that comes first in our mind is oxygen. In the current scenario, oxygen production has grown tremendously due to its increasing demand from health sectors: the complexity, availability, and high cost of oxygen taken as a drawback. So, the development of an efficient, durable, and cost-effective oxygen production technology is necessary. Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the process of generating molecular oxygen via a chemical reaction. Scientists nowadays focus more on OER-based methods for portable device fabrication to generate breathable oxygen due to its economic and eco-friendly properties. In this article, we demonstrated the simple design and fabrication of an electrochemical-based oxygen evolution setup. The setup involves a plastic jar of (5 Litre) containing 1 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) aqueous solution, and at the top portion, two holes were created for the immersion of the stainless-steel rod cathode and an anode electrode, which were connected to the power supply. The oxygen generation started in the bubbles form on the supply of voltage of 13V and 9.5A current. The produced oxygen is collected through the plastic tube. It also gives hydrogen, which can be separately stored. At the initial stage, the rate of oxygen production was 2.0 liter/min.

Mutations in REEP6 Cause Autosomal-Recessive Retinitis Pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is the most frequent form of inherited retinal dystrophy. RP is genetically heterogeneous and the genes identified to date encode proteins involved in a wide range of functional pathways, including photoreceptor development, phototransduction, the retinoid cycle, cilia, and outer segment development. Here we report the identification of biallelic mutations in Receptor Expression Enhancer Protein 6 (REEP6) in seven individuals with autosomal-recessive RP from five unrelated families. REEP6 is a member of the REEP/Yop1 family of proteins that influence the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum but is relatively unstudied. The six variants identified include three frameshift variants, two missense variants, and a genomic rearrangement that disrupts exon 1. Human 3D organoid optic cups were used to investigate REEP6 expression and confirmed the expression of a retina-specific isoform REEP6.1, which is specifically affected by one of the frameshift mutations. Expression of the two missense variants (c.383C>T [p.Pro128Leu] and c.404T>C [p.Leu135Pro]) and the REEP6.1 frameshift mutant in cultured cells suggest that these changes destabilize the protein. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing was used to produce Reep6 knock-in mice with the p.Leu135Pro RP-associated variant identified in one RP-affected individual. The homozygous knock-in mice mimic the clinical phenotypes of RP, including progressive photoreceptor degeneration and dysfunction of the rod photoreceptors. Therefore, our study implicates REEP6 in retinal homeostasis and highlights a pathway previously uncharacterized in retinal dystrophy

Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

Background Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dosespecific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in countryreported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81.6% [95% uncertainty interval 80.4-82 .7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39.9% [37.5-42.1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38.5% [35.4-41.3] in 1980 to 83.6% [82.3-84.8] in 2019). Third- dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42.6% (41.4-44.1) in 1980 to 79.8% (78.4-81.1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56.8 million (52.6-60. 9) to 14.5 million (13.4-15.9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe

Navigating the treatment landscape: Choosing between platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) for knee osteoarthritis management – A narrative review

Background: Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is one of the most prevalent forms of OA and causes pain, joint instability, and functional limitations. The management of KOA involves a wide range of therapies, including surgical interventions, medications, exercise prescription, physical agent modalities, and patient education. While knee arthroplasty is an effective treatment for severe KOA, it is not suitable for younger patients or those with non-end-stage disease due to its cost and potential complications. Pharmacological therapy options for KOA include analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and corticosteroid injections, but they can have significant adverse effects. In recent years, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and hyaluronic acid (HA) have emerged as promising treatments for KOA. Methods: We conducted a literature review to explore the effectiveness of both PRP and HA in treating knee osteoarthritis. We compared some studies to know their effectiveness in patients, when given alone and with combination. Conclusion: PRP injections have consistently outperformed HA injections in treating knee osteoarthritis, offering pain relief and improved function, but the potential benefits of combining PRP with HA remain inconclusive, necessitating further research to ascertain their effectiveness and safety in combination treatment. This narrative review serves as a guide to evidence-based treatment