Controlling fluid-induced seismicity during a 6.1-km-deep geothermal stimulation in Finland

We show that near–real-time seismic monitoring of fluid injection allowed control of induced earthquakes during the stimulation of a 6.1-km-deep geothermal well near Helsinki, Finland. A total of 18,160 m3 of fresh water was pumped into crystalline rocks over 49 days in June to July 2018. Seismic monitoring was performed with a 24-station borehole seismometer network. Using near–real-time information on induced-earthquake rates, locations, magnitudes, and evolution of seismic and hydraulic energy, pumping was either stopped or varied—in the latter case, between well-head pressures of 60 and 90 MPa and flow rates of 400 and 800 liters/min. This procedure avoided the nucleation of a project-stopping magnitude MW 2.0 induced earthquake, a limit set by local authorities. Our results suggest a possible physics-based approach to controlling stimulation-induced seismicity in geothermal projects.Peer reviewe

Le forage de Maisse, une nouvelle coupe de référence pour le Cénozoïque du Bassin de Paris

International audienceNous présentons ici les données acquises sur un nouveau forage carotté de 120 mètres de profondeur dans la commune de Maisse dans l’Essonne (91). Ce forage recoupe les formations tertiaires depuis la base des Sables de Fontainebleau jusqu’au toit de la Craie. La carrière de Maisse, située à proximité du forage, permet de compléter la description en incluant le Calcaire d’Etampes sus-jacent. L’objectif principal de ce travail est de proposer une coupe sédimentologique inédite et de référence des formations Cénozoïques du Bassin parisien, notamment dans les faciès carbonatés éocènes et oligocènes. Cette description est couplée avec une caractérisation de l’isotopie des carbonates ( 13C et 18O), de la minéralogie des argiles (diffraction des rayons X) et de la typologie de la matière organique (MO) des formations yprésiennes (Pyrolyse Rock-Eval et palynofaciès). La base du forage, correspondant à priori à l’Yprésien, est composée de dépôts de plaine d’inondation, débutant par une unité de galets à silex dans une matrice sableuse à la base et passant à une alternance de niveaux argilo-sableux, ligniteux et carbonatés. Les analyses sur la MO mettent en évidence deux niveaux à l’enrichissement organique contrasté, composés de MO d’origine terrestre autochtone (Type III). Plus haut dans l’Yprésien, ce système sédimentaire passe à un environnement de lagon marin à saumâtre, bien développé au Lutétien avec des faciès micritiques floatstones riches en Serratocerithium, ou à Veneridae, et caractérisé par des valeurs 18O fluctuant entre -4‰ et 2‰. Au Bartonien, l’unité que nous attribuons au Calcaire de Saint-Ouen, micritique et silicifié (opale C-T), présente un assemblage argileux marqué par la présence de sépiolite et de palygorskite marquant un environnement lacustre confiné et soumis à une forte évaporation. Aux Priabonien et Rupélien basal, les Calcaires de Champigny et de Brie présentent un assemblage composé de smectite, illite et kaolinite, dans des faciès bréchiques et micritiques à Microcodium. Les données isotopiques des calcites sont cohérentes avec une signature d’eau météorique dans un paléosol. Enfin, le Rupélien terminal enregistre par le Calcaire d’Etampes le bord d’un lac soumis à la pédogénèse, avec des alternances de calcaires mudstones et de calcaires à traces de racine

Evaluation avancée des hybrides Euraméricains et inter-américains créés par le GIS et suivi des 4 variétés P. deltoïdes homologuées en 2013. Rapport final

Les objectifs de la convention ont été en grande majorité atteints. La première commercialisation des plançons des quatre nouveaux cultivars P. deltoïdes créés par le GIS par 23 pépiniéristes français a eu lieu au printemps 2014 et la promotion de ce matériel végétal auprès des utilisateurs s’est poursuivie. Concernant le matériel végétal encore en cours de sélection par le GIS Peuplier, les dispositifs et les observations/notations prévus ont tous été réalisés dans le cadre de cette convention. Les hybrides euraméricains poursuivent leur processus d’évaluation pour Melampsora larici-populina, Melampsora alliipopulina, Marssonina brunnea et Xanthomonas populi et le GIS poursuit ses implantations de dispositifs agronomiques sur le terrain en populetum à pluri-arbres. Les hybrides interaméricains issus de rétrocroisements vers P. deltoïdes sont en cours d’évaluation pour la tolérance et la sensibilité à Melampsora larici-populina, leur comportement est prometteur en comparaison des hybrides interaméricains de première génération trop sensibles à la rouille foliaire. Les efforts de renouvellement de géniteurs P. Deltoïdes et P.nigra par recombinaison intra-spécifique se poursuivent par l’installation de nouveaux tests de pépinière à Guémené-Penfao. Les premières sélections ont permis la plantation d’une quarantaine de nouveaux géniteurs en collections florifères. Les croisements contrôlés 2014 se sont orientés vers le renouvellement de géniteurs P.trichocarpa

Hospital distance, socioeconomic status, and timely treatment of ischemic stroke.

ObjectiveTo determine whether lower socioeconomic status (SES) and longer home to hospital driving time are associated with reductions in tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) administration and timeliness of the treatment.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective observational study using data from the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Registry (GWTG-Stroke) between January 2015 and March 2017. The study included 118,683 ischemic stroke patients age ≥18 who were transported by emergency medical services to one of 1,489 US hospitals. We defined each patient's SES based on zip code median household income. We calculated the driving time between each patient's home zip code and the hospital where he or she was treated using the Google Maps Directions Application Programing Interface. The primary outcomes were tPA administration and onset-to-arrival time (OTA). Outcomes were analyzed using hierarchical multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsSES was not associated with OTA (p = 0.31) or tPA administration (p = 0.47), but was associated with the secondary outcomes of onset-to-treatment time (OTT) (p = 0.0160) and in-hospital mortality (p = 0.0037), with higher SES associated with shorter OTT and lower in-hospital mortality. Driving time was associated with tPA administration (p < 0.001) and OTA (p < 0.0001), with lower odds of tPA (0.83, 0.79-0.88) and longer OTA (1.30, 1.24-1.35) in patients with the longest vs shortest driving time quartiles. Lower SES quintiles were associated with slightly longer driving time quartiles (p = 0.0029), but there was no interaction between the SES and driving time for either OTA (p = 0.1145) or tPA (p = 0.6103).ConclusionsLonger driving times were associated with lower odds of tPA administration and longer OTA; however, SES did not modify these associations

Data from: Hospital distance, socioeconomic status, and timely treatment of ischemic stroke

Objective: To determine whether lower socioeconomic status (SES) and longer home-hospital driving time are associated with reductions in tPA administration and timeliness of the treatment. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study using data from the Get With The Guidelines-Stroke Registry (GWTG-Stroke) between January 2015 to March 2017. The study included 118,683 ischemic stroke patients age &#8805;18 who were transported by EMS to one of 1,489 US hospitals. We defined each patient’s SES based on their zip code median household income. We calculated the driving time between each patient’s home zip code and the hospital where they were treated, using the Google Maps Directions Application Programing Interface. The primary outcomes were tPA administration and onset-to-arrival time (OTA). Outcomes were analyzed using hierarchical multivariable logistic regression models. Results: SES was not associated with OTA (p=0.31) or tPA administration (p=0.47), but was associated with the secondary outcomes of onset-to-treatment time (p=0.0160) and in-hospital mortality (p=0.0037), with higher SES associated with shorter OTT and lower in-hospital mortality. Driving time was associated with tPA administration (p <0.001) and OTA (p <0.0001), with lower odds of tPA (0.83, 0.79-0.88) and longer OTA (1.30, 1.24-1.35) in patients with the longest versus shortest driving time quartiles. Lower SES quintiles were associated with slightly longer driving time quartiles (p=0.0029), but there was no interaction between the SES and driving time for either OTA (p=0.1145) or tPA (p=0.6103). Conclusions: Longer driving times were associated with lower odds of tPA administration and longer OTA, however SES did not modify these associations

Cotyledonary somatic embryos of Pinus pinaster Ait. most closely resemble fresh, maturing cotyledonary zygotic embryos: biological, carbohydrate and proteomic analyses.

International audienceCotyledonary somatic embryos (SEs) of maritime pine are routinely matured for 12 weeks before being germinated and converted to plantlets. Although regeneration success is highly dependent on SEs quality, the date of harvesting is currently determined mainly on the basis of morphological features. This empirical method does not provide any accurate information about embryo quality with respect to storage compounds (proteins, carbohydrates). We first analyzed SEs matured for 10, 12 and 14 weeks by carrying out biological (dry weight, water content) and biochemical measurements (total protein and carbohydrate contents). No difference could be found between collection dates, suggesting that harvesting SEs after 12 weeks is appropriate. Cotyledonary SEs were then compared to various stages, from fresh to fully desiccated, in the development of cotyledonary zygotic embryos (ZEs). We identified profiles that were similar using hierarchical ascendant cluster analysis (HCA). Fresh and dehydrated ZEs could be distinguished, and SEs clustered with fresh ZEs. Both types of embryo exhibited similar carbohydrate and protein contents and signatures. This high level of similarity (94.5 %) was further supported by proteome profiling. Highly expressed proteins included storage, stress-related, late embryogenesis abundant and energy metabolism proteins. By comparing overexpressed proteins in developing and cotyledonary SEs or ZEs, some (23 proteins) could be identified as candidate biomarkers for the late, cotyledonary stage. This is the first report of useful generic protein markers for monitoring embryo development in maritime pine. Our results also suggest that improvements of SEs quality may be achieved if the current maturation conditions are refined

Holocene slip rate along the Gyaring Co Fault, central Tibet

Although geodetic measurements of interseismic deformation in interior Tibet suggest slow strain accumulation, active slip along the right-lateral Gyaring Co Fault is suggested to be between 8 and 21 mm/yr. Reliable geologic constraints on the slip rate along this fault are sparse. Here we document 12 ± 2m of right-lateral displacement of lacustrine shorelines across the Gyaring Co Fault. Optically stimulated luminescence ages of the shorelines are tightly clustered between 4.1 and 4.4 ka. These data require an average slip rate of 2.2-3.2mm/yr along the central Gyaring Co Fault during the latter half of the Holocene. Consideration of seismic cycle effects allows the possibility of slightly higher average slip rates, up to 2.2-4.5mm/yr. Overall, our results suggest that the slip rate along the Gyaring Co Fault is similar to other strike-slip faults in interior Tibet, supporting the notion that active deformation in this region is distributed among numerous, slowly moving faults

Outcome of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Treated by Interleukin‐7

International audienceObjective: Restoring anti-JC virus (JCV) immunity is the only treatment of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Interleukin-7 is a cytokine that increases number and function of T cells. We analyzed a population of PML patients who received recombinant human IL-7 (rhIL-7) to estimate survival and its determinants.Methods: After exclusion of patients with missing data or receiving other immunotherapies, findings from 64 patients with proven PML who received rhIL-7 between 2007 and 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Logistic regression was used to analyze variables associated with one-year survival.Results: Underlying conditions were HIV/AIDS (n = 27, 42%), hematological malignancies (n = 16, 25%), primary immunodeficiencies (n = 13, 20%), solid organ transplantation (n = 4, 6%) and chronic inflammatory diseases (n = 4, 6%). One-year survival was 54.7% and did not differ by underlying condition. Survival was not associated with baseline characteristics, but with a >50% increase in blood lymphocytes (OR 4.1, 95%CI 1.2-14.9) and CD4+ T cells (OR 5.9, 95%CI 1.7-23.3), and a > 1 log copies/mL decrease in cerebrospinal fluid JCV DNA (OR 7.6, 95%CI 1.6-56.1) during the first month after rhIL-7 initiation. Side effects were mainly local and flu-like symptoms (n = 8, 12.5%) and PML-immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) (n = 5, 8%).Interpretation: In this non-controlled retrospective study, survival did not differ from that expected in HIV/AIDS patients, but might have been improved in those with hematological malignancies, primary immunodeficiencies and transplant recipients. RhIL-7 might have contributed to the increase in blood lymphocytes and decrease in CSF JCV replication that were associated with better survival. ANN NEUROL 2022;91:496-505