In-flight calibration of the Apollo 14 500 mm Hasselblad camera

In-flight calibration of 500-mm Hasselblad camera flown on Apollo 1

Genomic signatures of heterokaryosis in the oomycete pathogen Bremia lactucae.

Lettuce downy mildew caused by Bremia lactucae is the most important disease of lettuce globally. This oomycete is highly variable and rapidly overcomes resistance genes and fungicides. The use of multiple read types results in a high-quality, near-chromosome-scale, consensus assembly. Flow cytometry plus resequencing of 30 field isolates, 37 sexual offspring, and 19 asexual derivatives from single multinucleate sporangia demonstrates a high incidence of heterokaryosis in B. lactucae. Heterokaryosis has phenotypic consequences on fitness that may include an increased sporulation rate and qualitative differences in virulence. Therefore, selection should be considered as acting on a population of nuclei within coenocytic mycelia. This provides evolutionary flexibility to the pathogen enabling rapid adaptation to different repertoires of host resistance genes and other challenges. The advantages of asexual persistence of heterokaryons may have been one of the drivers of selection that resulted in the loss of uninucleate zoospores in multiple downy mildews

LTR-retrotransposons from Bdelloid rotifers capture additional ORFs shared between highly diverse retroelement types

© The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Viruses 9 (2017): 78, doi:10.3390/v9040078.Rotifers of the class Bdelloidea, microscopic freshwater invertebrates, possess a highlydiversified repertoire of transposon families, which, however, occupy less than 4% of genomic DNA in the sequenced representative Adineta vaga. We performed a comprehensive analysis of A. vaga retroelements, and found that bdelloid long terminal repeat (LTR)retrotransposons, in addition to conserved open reading frame (ORF) 1 and ORF2 corresponding to gag and pol genes, code for an unusually high variety of ORF3 sequences. Retrovirus-like LTR families in A. vaga belong to four major lineages, three of which are rotiferspecific and encode a dUTPase domain. However only one lineage contains a canonical envlike fusion glycoprotein acquired from paramyxoviruses (non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses), although smaller ORFs with transmembrane domains may perform similar roles. A different ORF3 type encodes a GDSL esterase/lipase, which was previously identified as ORF1 in several clades of non-LTR retrotransposons, and implicated in membrane targeting. Yet another ORF3 type appears in unrelated LTR-retrotransposon lineages, and displays strong homology to DEDDy-type exonucleases involved in 3′-end processing of RNA and single-stranded DNA. Unexpectedly, each of the enzymatic ORF3s is also associated with different subsets of Penelope-like Athena retroelement families. The unusual association of the same ORF types with retroelements from different classes reflects their modular structure with a high degree of flexibility, and points to gene sharing between different groups of retroelements.This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health grant GM111917 to I.A.; A.K. was supported by the Research Experiences for Undergraduates supplement to the National Science Foundation grant MCB-1121334 to I.A

The Use of Dialogue in Education: Research, Implementation and Personal/Professional Evaluation

As I reflect back on my learning through the Program in Critical and Creative Thinking (CCT), The Dialogue Process course (CCT 616) has been the pivotal experience for my current research and future career direction. Research and observations I have made in my work show that dialogue practice in elementary classrooms leads to overall learning through community building in the classroom, and to more effective student thinking and meta-cognitive strategies. Although I believe in the importance of dialogue in education, I have struggled with implementing it into my own teaching. The struggle itself has stimulated a deeper examination of the obstacles as I see them. It has also required personal and professional reflection on my process through CCT, and communicating my ideal vision of dialogue in the larger scheme of my work and life. My synthesis highlights my learning experiences through the CCT program and the influences it had on my career. It discusses some of the critical points of my experiences in connection to my specific interest in Dialogue. Without this reflection on past learning, my current reflection would be impossible. Naming those skills and ideals that I have drawn from my coursework, has enabled me to reconnect with my passion for education itself, as well as the value the dialogue process holds for learning and teaching. By asking myself the question of why I am finding implementation of dialogue so difficult, I’ve been able to answer this and other questions relating to the question of where I am headed with my professional life and why

Speculative Futures for Mindful Meat Consumption and Production

The stuff of food constantly shifts register between matter and meaning; animal and meat; calories and flavours, stretching and folding the time/spaces of here and now, ‘us’ and ‘them’, producing and consuming in complex and contested ways (Probyn, 1999 in Stassart and Whatmore, 2003, p.450). Meat consumption has entangled our human histories and lived experiences with those of other animals and humans unlike any other food. This co-evolution of experiences finds itself in deeply embedded sociocultural materials such as feasting and fasting rituals, religious dogma, gendered role divisions, ethics discourse, animal domestication, slaughter procedures, and government policies the world over (Fiddes, 2004; Pollan, 2006; Smil, 2002). Such materials have designed meat’s status as a coveted luxury, a symbol of supremacy, a delicious meal, another life, a cheap nugget, and an unnecessar indulgence; igniting impassioned debate over the ethics and procedures of killing and eating other animals for centuries (Preece, 2009; Spencer, 1996; Zaraska, 2016). Yet the draw of profit, progress, and power has moved humans over the course of history to continually develop new methods, tools, and systems to make meat’s acquisition easier at the expense of other animals, human communities, and environments (Lymbery, 2014). At long last, the far-reaching ethical and physical implications of intensively raising billions of animals for a meat-hungry and swelling human population of 7.7 billion people has brought attention for a need to challenge normative patterns of meat production and consumption (Bajželj et al., 2014; Machovina et al., 2015). A global crisis and a global opportunity; the question of contemporary meat consumption creates space to disrupt business-as-usual, and make way for more collective and participatory futures of eating and living with other humans and animals

Short-term heat acclimation is effective and may be enhanced rather than impaired by dehydration

Most heat acclimation data are from regimes longer than 1 week, and acclimation advice is to prevent dehydration. Objectives: We hypothesized that (i) short-term (5-day) heat acclimation would substantially improve physiological strain and exercise tolerance under heat stress, and (ii) dehydration would provide a thermally independent stimulus for adaptation. Methods: Nine aerobically fit males heat acclimated using controlled-hyperthermia (rectal temperature 38.5°C) for 90 min on 5 days; once euhydrated (EUH) and once dehydrated (DEH) during acclimation bouts. Exercising heat stress tests (HSTs) were completed before and after acclimations (90-min cycling in T a 35°C, 60% RH). Results: During acclimation bouts, [aldosterone] plasma rose more across DEH than EUH (95%CI for difference between regimes: 40-411 pg ml -1 ; P=0.03; n=5) and was positively related to plasma volume expansion (r=0.65; P=0.05), which tended to be larger in DEH (CI: -1 to 10%; P=0.06; n=9). In HSTs, resting forearm perfusion increased more in DEH (by 5.9 ml 100 tissue ml -1 min -1 : -11.5 to -1.0; P=0.04) and end-exercise cardiac frequency fell to a greater extent (by 11 b min -1 : -1 to 22; P=0.05). Hydration-related effects on other endocrine, cardiovascular, and psychophysical responses to HSTs were unclear. Rectal temperature was unchanged at rest but was 0.3°C lower at end exercise (P < 0.01; interaction: P=0.52). Conclusions: Short-term (5-day) heat acclimation induced effective adaptations, some of which were more pronounced after fluid-regulatory strain from permissive dehydration, and not attributable to dehydration effects on body temperature. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 26:311-320, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc

The equalization of educational opportunities in secondary schools

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University, 1946. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

The Constitutionality of Punitive Damages Under the Excessive Fines Clause of the Eighth Amendment

This Note explores whether courts should look beyond the broad language in Ingraham v. Wright and scrutinize punitive damages under the excessive fines clause. Part I sets out the intuitive argument that punitive damages are analogous to criminal fines. Part II analyzes the Supreme Court\u27s decision in Ingraham v. Wright and also reviews the few federal and state court decisions that have dealt with the excessive fines clause in civil cases, most of which have concluded that the clause has no application in a civil setting. This Part asserts that courts cannot rely solely on the Ingraham decision but must examine the history of the excessive fines clause and the penal character of punitive damages. Part III pursues the analysis that is lacking in those decisions which have relied on Ingraham. First, this Part sketches the history of the eighth amendment to determine whether the excessive fines clause should apply only to criminal fines and not civil punitive damages or whether the clause expresses a broader principle requiring proportionality in punishments of any form. Second, this Part questions whether punitive damages are sufficiently penal to implicate eighth amendment scrutiny. Part III suggests that courts apply the analysis outlined in Kennedy v. Mendoza-Martinez, rather than Ingraham. Finally, Part IV concludes that, since the excessive fines clause is historically linked to civil monetary penalties and since punitive damages are penal in nature, excessive awards violate the eighth amendment\u27s principle of proportionality in punishments. This Note contends that the eighth amendment, unlike other constitutional protections, functions as a restraint on the broader system of punishment rather than simply the process through which criminals are prosecuted. It argues that courts should determine whether punitive damages are sufficiently penal to warrant eighth amendment protection and not whether punitive damages are criminal or quasi-criminal sanctions