Silikonisiirtymä paperitaustassa

The silicone transfer has been an ever-present phenomenon in the pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) field. Understanding and reducing the silicone transfer would improve label quality in multiple ways. Foremost, label’s adhesion and printing finish would improve and become even more predictable. Furthermore, as the printing process is very delicate in its nature, removing or at least reducing the silicone transfer would reduce issues encountered in printing. The original goal of this thesis was to evaluate and compare the silicone suitability, before their use in production, by assessing silicones in laboratory for their extractable-content. Namely, the extractable-content is one indicator for silicone transfer and its severity. The idea was, to eventually, find out the best silicones to be used with specific release liners. Also, there were interest in determining, whether there were batch to batch differences in the received silicones. However, it was quickly learned that the original goal was unrealistic within the given framework. Therefore, the new goal of the thesis, was to concentrate on finding a correlation between coat weight and extractable-%, but even this goal proved to be challenging. In the end, the goals truncated into method development as no correlation was found. Nonetheless, an insight was gained into quality control methods, where basic yet fundamental issues were uncovered, and corrected for more accurate quality control. With the gained insight, further suggestions for improving the quality control methods will be presented. In the future, if there is a desire to accomplish the original goals, it is advised to co-operate with an independent laboratory possessing the suitable equipment and seasoned laboratory technicians. Additionally, it would be reasonable to replicate the current experimen

Ice resistance of hydrophobic fluoropolymerized nanostructured alumina films for antireflective coatings

The functionality and durability of nanostructured alumina coatings exposed to atmospheric icing has been assessed to probe their usability in practical applications and to estimate the need for further development of the coatings. In particular, the changes in surface microstructure and in optical performance as well as in the wetting characteristics of the surfaces are reported. Without a hydrophobicity treatment the alumina nanostructures are superhydrophilic and do not endure large environmental changes. Hydrophobicity treated fluoropolymerized nanostructured alumina provides characteristics with partial anti-icing capabilities, enhanced durability, and excellent transmission levels of >95%, but the performance degrades in cyclic icing/de-icing. However, the hydrophobic nanostructured alumina outperforms both the nanostructured and planar alumina coatings and possesses increased durability and stability even under harsh conditions, such as the atmospheric icing. This indicates a clear need to use a hydrophobicity treatment for the nanostructured alumina antireflection coatings to be used in any environments. Therefore, its utilization in applications where little or occasional exposure to icing or other humidity and temperature changes is favorable over standard planar coatings. Further process optimization of the hydrophobicity treatment is still needed for better durability for cyclical icing exposure.publishedVersionPeer reviewe

Evolution of scaling emergence in large-scale spatial epidemic spreading

Background: Zipf's law and Heaps' law are two representatives of the scaling concepts, which play a significant role in the study of complexity science. The coexistence of the Zipf's law and the Heaps' law motivates different understandings on the dependence between these two scalings, which is still hardly been clarified. Methodology/Principal Findings: In this article, we observe an evolution process of the scalings: the Zipf's law and the Heaps' law are naturally shaped to coexist at the initial time, while the crossover comes with the emergence of their inconsistency at the larger time before reaching a stable state, where the Heaps' law still exists with the disappearance of strict Zipf's law. Such findings are illustrated with a scenario of large-scale spatial epidemic spreading, and the empirical results of pandemic disease support a universal analysis of the relation between the two laws regardless of the biological details of disease. Employing the United States(U.S.) domestic air transportation and demographic data to construct a metapopulation model for simulating the pandemic spread at the U.S. country level, we uncover that the broad heterogeneity of the infrastructure plays a key role in the evolution of scaling emergence. Conclusions/Significance: The analyses of large-scale spatial epidemic spreading help understand the temporal evolution of scalings, indicating the coexistence of the Zipf's law and the Heaps' law depends on the collective dynamics of epidemic processes, and the heterogeneity of epidemic spread indicates the significance of performing targeted containment strategies at the early time of a pandemic disease.Comment: 24pages, 7figures, accepted by PLoS ON

Silikonisiirtymä paperitaustassa

The silicone transfer has been an ever-present phenomenon in the pressure sensitive adhesive (PSA) field. Understanding and reducing the silicone transfer would improve label quality in multiple ways. Foremost, label’s adhesion and printing finish would improve and become even more predictable. Furthermore, as the printing process is very delicate in its nature, removing or at least reducing the silicone transfer would reduce issues encountered in printing. The original goal of this thesis was to evaluate and compare the silicone suitability, before their use in production, by assessing silicones in laboratory for their extractable-content. Namely, the extractable-content is one indicator for silicone transfer and its severity. The idea was, to eventually, find out the best silicones to be used with specific release liners. Also, there were interest in determining, whether there were batch to batch differences in the received silicones. However, it was quickly learned that the original goal was unrealistic within the given framework. Therefore, the new goal of the thesis, was to concentrate on finding a correlation between coat weight and extractable-%, but even this goal proved to be challenging. In the end, the goals truncated into method development as no correlation was found. Nonetheless, an insight was gained into quality control methods, where basic yet fundamental issues were uncovered, and corrected for more accurate quality control. With the gained insight, further suggestions for improving the quality control methods will be presented. In the future, if there is a desire to accomplish the original goals, it is advised to co-operate with an independent laboratory possessing the suitable equipment and seasoned laboratory technicians. Additionally, it would be reasonable to replicate the current experimen