Synthesis of biodiesel from palm oil and sea mango oil using sulfated zirconia catalyst [TN1-997].

Penghasilan biodiesel daripada minyak kelapa sawit dan minyak mangga laut telah dikaji. The production of biodiesel from palm oil and sea mango oil (Cerbera odollam oil) using heterogeneous catalysts was studied

Esterification of hydrolyzed sea mango (Cerbera odollam) oil using various cationic ion exchange resins

This study investigates the esterification of hydrolyzed sea mango (Cerbera odollam) oil using several cationic ion exchange resins. The best resins were selected based on their performance in a preliminary esterification process. The best resins were then subsequently used in the optimization of the process parameters. The esterification parameters studied were reaction temperature (40-160°C), reaction time (0-5 h), molar ratio of oil to methanol (0.5:1 to 1:14), and catalyst loading (1-14 wt%). Among the resins studied, Amberlyst 15 was found to be the most promising catalyst in the esterification of the hydrolyzed sea mango oil. Moderate reaction temperatures, 60-100°C, were found to be adequate in converting the hydrolyzed sea mango oil into esters. Further investigation revealed that the esterification reaction using the cationic ion exchange resins proceeds at a fast rate, whereby fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of over 80% at moderate reaction temperature was achievable in less than 1 h of reaction time. Small amount of catalyst, which is less than 5 wt%, was also found to be sufficient in catalyzing the esterification process to an acceptable yield

Synthesis of Enzyme-based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflower Particles

Enzyme-incorporated hybrid nanostructures are the immobilization of enzymes and inorganic components that exhibits promising characteristics in various industries. The immobilization of enzymes onto nanomaterial is naturally based to accommodate the enzymatic activity, stability, recyclability as well as their catalytic functions. The designing of these conjugates can improve the overall enzymatic performance by imparting their novel properties onto the system in comparison to conventional free enzymes which experience drawbacks in terms of deactivation or denaturing. A facile and ultrafast method is described in this paper to synthesize a novel enzyme-incorporated lipase/Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid nanoflower (NF). The physical properties of the hybrid NF allow easier retrieval which indicates its higher reusability and recyclability value. The enzyme loading capacity was found to be 95.1% whereas, the catalytic performance of lipase/Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid NF at the optimal conditions resulted in a specific enzyme activity of 1752 U/g corresponding to an increment of 90.5% to that of free lipase. This indicates that the well-designed lipase/Cu3(PO4)2 hybrid NF to be highly efficient in industrial biocatalytic applications. Meanwhile, in future work, we aim to study its operational stability and reusability to enzymatically degrade biopolymers through hydrolysis process

Growth Study and Biological Hydrogen Production by novel strain Bacillus paramycoides

Industrial revolution has created high dependent on fossil fuels for energy creation. However, combustion of fossil fuels has created excessive amount of greenhouse gases, hence led to climate change. Thus, renewable energy has been proposed to alleviate the environmental pollution issues around the globe. One of the promising renewable energies is green hydrogen energy. Commercialized technologies such as electrolysis and thermochemical reaction are utilized to form hydrogen energy. Nonetheless, these processes require high energy and yet producing greenhouse gases that harm the environment. In this study, biodegradation process to produce hydrogen energy has been explored. To our knowledge, Bacillus paramycoides strain has not yet been investigated for biological hydrogen evolution. Therefore, in this paper, the ability of Bacillus paramycoides to produce biological hydrogen has been studied. The rod-shaped and gram-positive Bacillus paramycoides was identified under scanning electron microscope and gram staining procedure. Furthermore, biological hydrogen generation by Bacillus sp. was experimented for 96 hours. The result shows that 4668 ± 120 ppm cumulative hydrogen gas was generated through dark fermentation process. For Bacillus sp. growth study, lag, log, and stationary phase have been achieved in 96 hours. In a summary, metabolic engineering to degrade abundant biomass wastes is a sustainable pathway to produce hydrogen energy, simultaneously resolve waste management issue around the globe

Biodiesel Production Catalysed by Magnetic Palm Kernel Shell-Potassium Hydroxide

Biodiesel was prepared by transesterification process using heterogeneous catalyst has received a lot of interest lately as a sustainable source of biofuel. Hence, there is a need to study a generalized reaction kinetic model that can be used for all the reactions involved in biodiesel production. This study produces biodiesel by transesterifying palm oil using magnetic palm kernel shell-potassium hydroxide. The catalyst recorded a BET surface area of 47.72 m2/g. The maximum biodiesel yield, 95.78%, was obtained when reaction temperature and time were 55°C and 2 hours, respectively

Heterogeneous catalysis for sustainable biodiesel production via esterification and transesterification

Concern over the economics of accessing fossil fuel reserves, and widespread acceptance of the anthropogenic origin of rising CO2 emissions and associated climate change from combusting such carbon sources, is driving academic and commercial research into new routes to sustainable fuels to meet the demands of a rapidly rising global population. Here we discuss catalytic esterification and transesterification solutions to the clean synthesis of biodiesel, the most readily implemented and low cost, alternative source of transportation fuels to meet future societal demands

Esterification of hydrolyzed sea mango (Cerbera odollam) oil using various cationic ion exchange resins

This study investigates the esterification of hydrolyzed sea mango (Cerbera odollam) oil using several cationic ion exchange resins. The best resins were selected based on their performance in a preliminary esterification process. The best resins were then subsequently used in the optimization of the process parameters. The esterification parameters studied were reaction temperature (40–160°C), reaction time (0–5 h), molar ratio of oil to methanol (0.5:1 to 1:14), and catalyst loading (1–14 wt%). Among the resins studied, Amberlyst 15 was found to be the most promising catalyst in the esterification of the hydrolyzed sea mango oil. Moderate reaction temperatures, 60–100°C, were found to be adequate in converting the hydrolyzed sea mango oil into esters. Further investigation revealed that the esterification reaction using the cationic ion exchange resins proceeds at a fast rate, whereby fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield of over 80% at moderate reaction temperature was achievable in less than 1 h of reaction time. Small amount of catalyst, which is less than 5 wt%, was also found to be sufficient in catalyzing the esterification process to an acceptable yield

Non-catalytic hydrolysis of sea mango (Cerbera odollam) oil and various non-edible oils to improve their solubility in alcohol for biodiesel production

This study investigates the non-catalytic hydrolysis of various non-edible oils as an alternative way to improve their solubility in alcohol by increasing their free fatty acids content. A number of parameters were investigated and optimized; hydrolysis temperature (170-200. °C), hydrolysis time (2.5-15.0. h), volume ratio of oil to water (80:20-20:80), and hydrolysis pressure (0.1-3.0. MPa). A comparative experiment using homogenous catalyst (acetic acid) was also carried out. The extent of the hydrolysis process was measured by the acid number of the hydrolyzed oil. Volume ratio of oil to water and hydrolysis temperature were found to have the greatest effect on the hydrolysis process whereby highest hydrolysis temperature (200. °C) and largest volume ratio of oil to water (20:80) resulted to hydrolyzed products with the highest acid value. Hydrolysis pressure was found to have adverse effect on the hydrolysis process. The successful hydrolysis of various edible and non-edible oils suggested that it is possible to completely convert oils into fatty acids at low temperature without the use of catalyst, as an alternative way to improve their solubility in alcohol for biodiesel production