396 research outputs found
DISINFLATION AND MONETARY POLICY ARRANGEMENTS IN ROMANIA
Disinflation has been pursued successfully in Romania in recent years. Inflation came down from over 40 per cent in 2001 to 14 per cent in 2003 and is expected to be cca 9.5 per cent in 2004. By 2007 it should come down to around 3%. The benefits of a lowinflation environment are unquestionable, as price stability is the ultimate objective of monetary policy. In addition, low inflation is a pre-condition for EU accession. There only remains the other critical question, namely, what is the proper strategy to achieve the ultimate objective. Different central banks have adopted strategies which place different emphasize on the various pieces of information, or elements of their decision-making process or different aspects of their communication policies. Inflation targeting (IT) is one of those strategies.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/40175/3/wp789.pd
DISINFLATION AND MONETARY POLICY ARRANGEMENTS IN ROMANIA
Disinflation has been pursued successfully in Romania in recent years. Inflation came down from over 40 per cent in 2001 to 14 per cent in 2003 and is expected to be cca 9.5 per cent in 2004. By 2007 it should come down to around 3%. The benefits of a lowinflation environment are unquestionable, as price stability is the ultimate objective of monetary policy. In addition, low inflation is a pre-condition for EU accession. There only remains the other critical question, namely, what is the proper strategy to achieve the ultimate objective. Different central banks have adopted strategies which place different emphasize on the various pieces of information, or elements of their decision-making process or different aspects of their communication policies. Inflation targeting (IT) is one of those strategies.inflation-targeting, transition economy, EU accession
Disinflation and Inflation Targeting in Romania
With a view of enhancing disinflation inflation targeting (IT) was introduced in Romania in mid-2005. Contradictory pressures have challenged ever since the functioning of this monetary policy regime owing to peculiar features and objectives of the Romanian economy. First, the requirements imposed by the achievement of nominal and real convergence in order to join the European Union, and, eventually, the European Monetary Union, ask for sustainable high economic growth and the consolidation of disinflation simultaneously, which is an extremely ambitious task. Second, the economics of inflation targeting tells that the âdivine coincidenceâ of inflation stabilization and real stabilization objectives can be achieved in specific economic circumstances, which might be pretty hard to fulfill in the Romanian economy. Third, the operational requirements of the implementation of a strict inflation targeting regime are unlikely to be met under the current monetary transmission mechanisms; this paper argues that a soft version of inflation-targeting is feasible under the circumstances. Fourth, the integration into global financial market (and a premature opening of the capital account) increases the sensitivity of the economy to external shocks and diminishes the efficiency of an independent monetary policy.inflation targeting, Romania
Infectious hepatitis as occupational disease
Prikazan je problem infekcioznog hepatitisa kao profesionalnog oboljenja. U klinikama Medicinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu (bolnica Rebro) oboljelo je u razdoblju od 1947. do 1950. godine 20 namjeĆĄtenika od infekcioznog hepatitisa. EpidemioloĆĄka analiza pokazuje, da uzrok infekciji ne leĆŸi u prijenosu virusa preko inficirane hrane ili vode, a ni u prostornoj ili kapljiÄnoj infekciji. Najvjerojatniji je izvor infekcije direktni ili indirektni kontakt s oboljelima od manifestnog ili latentnog infekcioznog hepatitisa, i to preko krvi ili ekskreta bolesnika.The problem of infectious hepatitis as a professional disease is discussed on the basis of 20 cases among the staff of the clinics of the Zagreb Medical Faculty (at Rebro) having occurred between 1947 and 1950. Tables 1 and 2 show subjective symptoms of the preicteric and objective symptoms of the icteric stage. Tables 3 and 4 show the ratio of the diseased members of the staff in various specialties to the total numbers of the staff m these specialties as well as their mutual relation at the various clinics, institutes and laboratories. The tables show that only those in close (direct or indirect) contact with patients fell ill. The relation between these two groups of employees is shown on Table 5. Epidemiological analysis shows that the cause of the infection lay neither in the communication or the virus through infected food or water nor in droplet infection. Had infection spread through these channels the difference between the two groups of employees - those having had contact with the patients and those having not - would not have been so sharp. The most likely source of infection is the direct or indirect contact with persons suffering from manifest or latent infectious hepatitis i. e. with their blood or feces. lt is not quite clear whether infection is as a rule peroral by means of hands infected with blood or feces or »inoculative« by a fortuitous stitch or other unskilful handling of such infected material as syringes, test-tubes &c. lt has been interesting to note that in one ward of the Internal Clinic where the cases of infectious hepatitis were concentraced, there were no employees manifestly ilI nor were there any latent or laboratory symptoms of virosis. This shows that epidemiologically important are not only the manifest cases of infectious hepatitis but also -and in a certain sense perhaps still more so- the subclinical and latent ones
Infectious hepatitis as occupational disease
Prikazan je problem infekcioznog hepatitisa kao profesionalnog oboljenja. U klinikama Medicinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu (bolnica Rebro) oboljelo je u razdoblju od 1947. do 1950. godine 20 namjeĆĄtenika od infekcioznog hepatitisa. EpidemioloĆĄka analiza pokazuje, da uzrok infekciji ne leĆŸi u prijenosu virusa preko inficirane hrane ili vode, a ni u prostornoj ili kapljiÄnoj infekciji. Najvjerojatniji je izvor infekcije direktni ili indirektni kontakt s oboljelima od manifestnog ili latentnog infekcioznog hepatitisa, i to preko krvi ili ekskreta bolesnika.The problem of infectious hepatitis as a professional disease is discussed on the basis of 20 cases among the staff of the clinics of the Zagreb Medical Faculty (at Rebro) having occurred between 1947 and 1950. Tables 1 and 2 show subjective symptoms of the preicteric and objective symptoms of the icteric stage. Tables 3 and 4 show the ratio of the diseased members of the staff in various specialties to the total numbers of the staff m these specialties as well as their mutual relation at the various clinics, institutes and laboratories. The tables show that only those in close (direct or indirect) contact with patients fell ill. The relation between these two groups of employees is shown on Table 5. Epidemiological analysis shows that the cause of the infection lay neither in the communication or the virus through infected food or water nor in droplet infection. Had infection spread through these channels the difference between the two groups of employees - those having had contact with the patients and those having not - would not have been so sharp. The most likely source of infection is the direct or indirect contact with persons suffering from manifest or latent infectious hepatitis i. e. with their blood or feces. lt is not quite clear whether infection is as a rule peroral by means of hands infected with blood or feces or »inoculative« by a fortuitous stitch or other unskilful handling of such infected material as syringes, test-tubes &c. lt has been interesting to note that in one ward of the Internal Clinic where the cases of infectious hepatitis were concentraced, there were no employees manifestly ilI nor were there any latent or laboratory symptoms of virosis. This shows that epidemiologically important are not only the manifest cases of infectious hepatitis but also -and in a certain sense perhaps still more so- the subclinical and latent ones
Gnoseological implications of law application
PĆedklĂĄdanĂ© zkoumĂĄnĂ GnozeologickĂ© aspekty aplikace prĂĄva se zabĂœvĂĄ poznĂĄvĂĄnĂm bÄhem soudnĂho rozhodovĂĄnĂ, v pozitivnĂm prĂĄvu oznaÄovanou jako dokazovĂĄnĂ. PrĂĄce se vĆĄak neomezuje na platnĂ© dĆŻkaznĂ prĂĄvo, spĂĆĄe se soustĆedĂ na teorii soudnĂho poznĂĄvĂĄnĂ stojĂcĂ v pozadĂ dĆŻkaznĂho prĂĄva, a to ne vĆŸdy na jasnÄ formulovanĂœch zĂĄkladech. Tyto zĂĄklady Äi axiomy teorie poznĂĄnĂ v prĂĄvu se pĆedklĂĄdanĂ© zkoumĂĄnĂ snaĆŸĂ odkrĂœt a explicitnÄ formulovat. Vedle ĂșvodnĂ kapitoly, pĆedstavujĂcĂ strukturu a zĂĄmÄr zkoumĂĄnĂ, a kapitoly zĂĄvÄreÄnĂ©, shrnujĂcĂ provedenĂ© Ășvahy, je analĂœza rozdÄlena do ÄtyĆ ÄĂĄstĂ. V kapitole nazvanĂ© Prolegomena k teorii poznĂĄnĂ je pĆedstavena obecnĂĄ problematika filosofie poznĂĄnĂ na pozadĂ kritiky vĂry v moĆŸnost objektivnĂho poznĂĄnĂ - aĆ„ uĆŸ empirickĂ©ho Äi racionĂĄlnĂho - a mĂĄ poslouĆŸit jako vĂœchodisko pro analĂœzu svĂ©bytnĂ© prĂĄvnĂ gnozeologie. NĂĄsledujĂcĂ kapitola Specifika poznĂĄvĂĄnĂ v prĂĄvu je vedena deskriptivnÄ a snaĆŸĂ se zevrubnÄ prozkoumat soudnĂ poznĂĄvĂĄnĂ a popsat jeho zĂĄkladnĂ atributy pĆedevĆĄĂm na zĂĄkladÄ odliĆĄnostĂ, kterĂ© vymezujĂ poznĂĄvĂĄnĂ v prĂĄvu vĆŻÄi obecnĂ©mu poznĂĄnĂ. Prostor je rovnÄĆŸ vÄnovĂĄn komparaci platnĂœch procesnĂch pĆedpisĆŻ napĆĂÄ prĂĄvnĂmi odvÄtvĂmi a jejich pĆĂstupu k ĂșpravÄ zkoumanĂœch otĂĄzek. Kapitola nazvanĂĄ PragmatickĂĄ doktrĂna se poslĂ©ze pokouĆĄĂ o syntĂ©zu a urÄitĂ© zobecnÄnĂ...This diploma thesis Gnoseological implication of law application inquires the epistemology of judicial decisions, known as proving. The work does not confine itself to mere law rules of proving before the court; rather it focuses on the comprehensive theory of the judicial cognition, which dwells in the proving law basis is not always clearly defined. These basis or axioms of law epistemology are to be exploited and clarified by our paper. Except the introduction and the final conclusion, the analyses are divided into four chapters. The chapter Prolegomena k teorii poznĂĄnĂ explores the general cognition philosophy with references to the critical reflection of the (both empirical and rational) cognitional possibilities. It is supposed to be a source of the scrutiny of the special judicial cognition. The following chapter Specifika poznĂĄvĂĄnĂ v prĂĄvu uses the descriptive method to study the main characteristics of the specific judicial cognition as long as they differ from the characteristics of the general cognition. The comparison of the theoretical and real law approach is also given a consideration. The chapter PragmatickĂĄ doktrĂna is trying to provide integration as well as a generalization of the previous discoveries and in the conclusion it aims to provide clear and explicit gnoseological theory...Department of Legal Theory and Legal DoctrinesKatedra teorie prĂĄva a prĂĄvnĂch uÄenĂFaculty of LawPrĂĄvnickĂĄ fakult
O-Arylation of Iodophenols with 2-Fluorobenzaldehyde Under Microwave Conditions
The arylation of 4-iodo-, 2-iodo- and 3-iodophenols with 2-fluorobenzaldehyde may be carried out in the presence of K2CO3 in DMF as the solvent under microwave conditions. The arylation of 4-iodophenole was promoted by the use of triethylbenzylammonium chloride (TEBAC) as the phase transfer catalyst. In the other model reactions, the use of TEBAC was harmful. By-products formed by isomerization and disproportionation were also detected
Tracing a Route and Finding a Shortcut: The Working Memory, Motivational, and Personality Factors Involved
Wayfinding (WF) is the ability to move around efficiently and find the way from a starting point to a destination. It is a component of spatial navigation, a coordinate and goal-directed movement of one\u2019s self through the environment. In the present study, the relationship between WF tasks (route tracing and shortcut finding) and individual factors were explored with the hypothesis that WF tasks would be predicted by different types of cognitive, affective, motivational variables, and personality factors. A group of 116 university students (88 F.) were conducted along a route in a virtual environment and then asked first to trace the same route again, and then to find a shortcut between the start and end points. Several instruments assessing visuospatial working memory, mental rotation ability, self-efficacy, spatial anxiety, positive attitude to exploring, and personality traits were administered. The results showed that a latent spatial ability factor (measured with the visuospatial working memory and mental rotations tests) \u2013 controlled for gender \u2013 predicted route-tracing performance, while self-report measures of anxiety, efficacy, and pleasure in exploring, and some personality traits were more likely to predict shortcut-finding performance. We concluded that both personality and cognitive abilities affect WF performance, but differently, depending on the requirements of the task
Speciation of volatile organic compounds from poultry production
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from poultry production are leading source of air quality problems. However, little is known about the speciation and levels of VOCs from poultry production. The objective of this study was the speciation of VOCs from a poultry facility using evacuated canisters and sorbent tubes. Samples were taken during active poultry production cycle and between production cycles. Levels of VOCs were highest in areas with birds and the compounds in those areas had a higher percentage of polar compounds (89%) compared to aliphatic hydrocarbons (2.2%). In areas without birds, levels of VOCs were 1/3 those with birds present and compounds had a higher total percentage of aliphatic hydrocarbons (25%). Of the VOCs quantified in this study, no single sampling method was capable of quantifying more than 55% of compounds and in several sections of the building each sampling method quantified less than 50% of the quantifiable VOCs. Key classes of chemicals quantified using evacuated canisters included both alcohols and ketones, while sorbent tube samples included volatile fatty acids and ketones. The top five compounds made up close to 70% of VOCs and included: 1) acetic acid (830.1 ÎŒg mâ3); 2) 2,3-butanedione (680.6 ÎŒg mâ3); 3) methanol (195.8 ÎŒg mâ3); 4) acetone (104.6 ÎŒg mâ3); and 5) ethanol (101.9 ÎŒg mâ3). Location variations for top five compounds averaged 49.5% in each section of the building and averaged 87% for the entire building
Distinct Visual Working Memory Systems for View-Dependent and View-Invariant Representation
Background: How do people sustain a visual representation of the environment? Currently, many researchers argue that a single visual working memory system sustains non-spatial object information such as colors and shapes. However, previous studies tested visual working memory for two-dimensional objects only. In consequence, the nature of visual working memory for three-dimensional (3D) object representation remains unknown. Methodology/Principal Findings: Here, I show that when sustaining information about 3D objects, visual working memory clearly divides into two separate, specialized memory systems, rather than one system, as was previously thought. One memory system gradually accumulates sensory information, forming an increasingly precise view-dependent representation of the scene over the course of several seconds. A second memory system sustains view-invariant representations of 3D objects. The view-dependent memory system has a storage capacity of 3â4 representations and the view-invariant memory system has a storage capacity of 1â2 representations. These systems can operate independently from one another and do not compete for working memory storage resources. Conclusions/Significance: These results provide evidence that visual working memory sustains object information in two separate, specialized memory systems. One memory system sustains view-dependent representations of the scene, akin to the view-specific representations that guide place recognition during navigation in humans, rodents and insects. Th
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