Role of Maastishkya in Netra Rogas

Shiras or the head is considered as the uttamangai.e a very vital part which shelters all the sense organs andalso the seat of prana or life. Ayurveda advocates various therapeutic procedures in name of maastishkyain order to protect the head and sense organs. Maastishkya is a mode of oleating/nourishing the head inorder to obtain the above aims. These therapeutic modalities, if practiced regularly, improve and sustainthe sense organs, facilitate smooth facial skin, improve the strength of the skull, promote hair growthand avoid the incidence of headache

Doora Drishti - A Paravartajanya Vikara (Hypermetropia) - A Case Study

Paravartajanya vikara is the lack of ability of the eye to focus the rays of light on to the retina, one such vikara is dooradrishti where in light focuses behind the retina. Various modalities of Ayurvedic treatments are tried, tested and proved efficaciously in this single case study which is presented.

Real-Time Implementation of a Dual Function Neuron Based Wide Area SVC Damping Controller

The use of wide area measurements for power system stabilization is recently given a lot of attention by researchers and the power industry to avoid cascading failures and blackouts such as the August 2003. This paper presents the design of a nonlinear external damping controller based on wide area measurements as inputs to a dual function neuron (DFN). This DFN controller is specifically designed to enhance the damping characteristics of a power system considering the nonlinearity in the system. The major advantage of the DFN controller is that it is simple in structure with less development time and hardware requirements for real-time implementation. The DFN controller is implemented on a digital signal processor and its performance is evaluated on the IEEE 12 bus FACTS benchmark power system implemented on a real time platform - real time digital simulator (RTDS). Experimental results show that the DFN controller provides better damping than a conventional linear controlle

Identification of SVC Dynamics Using Wide Area Signals in a Power System

This paper presents the design of a wide area monitor (WAM) using remote area signals, such as speed deviations of generators in a power network, for identifying online the dynamics of a static var compensator (SVC). The design of the WAM is studied on the 12 bus FACTS benchmark system recently introduced. A predict-correct method is used to enhance the performance of the WAM during online operation. Simulation results are presented to show that WAM can correctly identify the dynamics of SVC in a power system for small and large disturbances. Such WAMs can be applied in the design of adaptive SVC controllers for damping interarea oscillations in power networks

Dual-Function Neuron-Based External Controller for a Static Var Compensator

The use of wide-area measurements for power system stabilization has recently been given a lot of attention by researchers and the power industry to avoid cascading failures and blackouts, such as the one in North America in August 2003. This paper presents the design of a nonlinear external damping controller based on wide-area measurements as inputs to a single dual-function neuron (DFN)-based controller. This DFN controller is specifically designed to enhance the damping characteristics of a power system over a wide range of operating conditions using an existing static var compensator (SVC) installation. The major advantage of the DFN controller is that it is simple in structure with less development time and hardware requirements for real-time implementation. The DFN controller presented in this paper is realized on a digital signal processor and its performance is evaluated on the 12-bus flexible ac transmission system benchmark test power system implemented on a real-time platform-the real-time digital simulator. Experimental results show that the DFN controller provides better damping than a conventional linear external controller and requires less SVC reactive power. The damping performance of the DFN controller is also illustrated using transient energy calculations

Online Training of a Generalized Neuron with Particle Swarm Optimization

Neural networks are used in a wide number of fields including signal and image processing, modeling and control and pattern recognition. Some of the most common type of neural networks is the multilayer perceptrons and the recurrent neural networks. Most of these networks consist of large number of neurons and hidden layers, which results in a longer training time. A Generalized Neuron (GN) has a compact structure and overcomes the problem of long training time. Due to its simple structure and lesser memory requirements, the GN is attractive for hardware implementations. This paper presents the online training of a GN with the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. A comparative study of the GN and the MLP online trained with PSO is presented for function approximations. The GN based identification of the Static VAR Compensator (SVC) dynamics in a 12 bus FACTS benchmark power system trained online with the PSO is also presented

Optimal Design of SVC Damping Controllers with Wide Area Measurements Using Small Population Based PSO

Static Var Compensator (SVC) are employed for providing better voltage regulation and transient stability especially for increased power transfer through the transmission lines. In this paper, two SVC damping controllers with single and dual inputs respectively are designed based on wide area measurements of generator speed deviations. A Small Population based Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm (SPPSO) is applied to determine the optimal parameters of the damping controllers for small and large disturbances. Simulation results are provided to show that the effectiveness of the optimal damping controllers on the Kundur\u27\u27s two-area benchmark power system. Results show the dual input controller further improves the damping provided by the single input controller

Intelligent Integration of a Wind Farm to an Utility Power Network with Improved Voltage Stability

The increasing effect of wind energy generation will influence the dynamic behavior of power systems by interacting with conventional generation and loads. Due to the inherent characteristics of wind turbines, non-uniform power production causes variations in system voltage and frequency. Therefore, a wind farm requires high reactive power compensation. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices such as SVCs inject reactive power into the system which helps in maintaining a better voltage profile. This paper presents the design of a linear and a nonlinear coordinating controller between a SVC and the wind farm inverter at the point of interconnection. The performances of the coordinating controllers are evaluated on the IEEE 12 bus FACTS benchmark power system where one of the generators is replaced by a wind farm supplying 300 MW. Results are presented to show that the voltage stability of the entire power system during small and large disturbances is improved

Spatial, temporal, and demographic patterns in prevalence of chewing tobacco use in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019 : a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Interpretation Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. Findings In 2019, 273 center dot 9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258 center dot 5 to 290 center dot 9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4 center dot 72% (4 center dot 46 to 5 center dot 01). 228 center dot 2 million (213 center dot 6 to 244 center dot 7; 83 center dot 29% [82 center dot 15 to 84 center dot 42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15-19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global agestandardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: -1 center dot 21% [-1 center dot 26 to -1 center dot 16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0 center dot 46% [0 center dot 13 to 0 center dot 79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (-0 center dot 94% [-1 center dot 72 to -0 center dot 14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Summary Background Chewing tobacco and other types of smokeless tobacco use have had less attention from the global health community than smoked tobacco use. However, the practice is popular in many parts of the world and has been linked to several adverse health outcomes. Understanding trends in prevalence with age, over time, and by location and sex is important for policy setting and in relation to monitoring and assessing commitment to the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Methods We estimated prevalence of chewing tobacco use as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 using a modelling strategy that used information on multiple types of smokeless tobacco products. We generated a time series of prevalence of chewing tobacco use among individuals aged 15 years and older from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories, including age-sex specific estimates. We also compared these trends to those of smoked tobacco over the same time period. Findings In 2019, 273 & middot;9 million (95% uncertainty interval 258 & middot;5 to 290 & middot;9) people aged 15 years and older used chewing tobacco, and the global age-standardised prevalence of chewing tobacco use was 4 & middot;72% (4 & middot;46 to 5 & middot;01). 228 & middot;2 million (213 & middot;6 to 244 & middot;7; 83 & middot;29% [82 & middot;15 to 84 & middot;42]) chewing tobacco users lived in the south Asia region. Prevalence among young people aged 15-19 years was over 10% in seven locations in 2019. Although global age standardised prevalence of smoking tobacco use decreased significantly between 1990 and 2019 (annualised rate of change: -1 & middot;21% [-1 & middot;26 to -1 & middot;16]), similar progress was not observed for chewing tobacco (0 & middot;46% [0 & middot;13 to 0 & middot;79]). Among the 12 highest prevalence countries (Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, India, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Palau, Sri Lanka, and Yemen), only Yemen had a significant decrease in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use, which was among males between 1990 and 2019 (-0 & middot;94% [-1 & middot;72 to -0 & middot;14]), compared with nine of 12 countries that had significant decreases in the prevalence of smoking tobacco. Among females, none of these 12 countries had significant decreases in prevalence of chewing tobacco use, whereas seven of 12 countries had a significant decrease in the prevalence of tobacco smoking use for the period. Interpretation Chewing tobacco remains a substantial public health problem in several regions of the world, and predominantly in south Asia. We found little change in the prevalence of chewing tobacco use between 1990 and 2019, and that control efforts have had much larger effects on the prevalence of smoking tobacco use than on chewing tobacco use in some countries. Mitigating the health effects of chewing tobacco requires stronger regulations and policies that specifically target use of chewing tobacco, especially in countries with high prevalence. Copyright (c) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license.Peer reviewe

Global burden of chronic respiratory diseases and risk factors, 1990–2019: an update from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Updated data on chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) are vital in their prevention, control, and treatment in the path to achieving the third UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), a one-third reduction in premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by 2030. We provided global, regional, and national estimates of the burden of CRDs and their attributable risks from 1990 to 2019. Methods: Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019, we estimated mortality, years lived with disability, years of life lost, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), prevalence, and incidence of CRDs, i.e. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, pneumoconiosis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis, and other CRDs, from 1990 to 2019 by sex, age, region, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) in 204 countries and territories. Deaths and DALYs from CRDs attributable to each risk factor were estimated according to relative risks, risk exposure, and the theoretical minimum risk exposure level input. Findings: In 2019, CRDs were the third leading cause of death responsible for 4.0 million deaths (95% uncertainty interval 3.6–4.3) with a prevalence of 454.6 million cases (417.4–499.1) globally. While the total deaths and prevalence of CRDs have increased by 28.5% and 39.8%, the age-standardised rates have dropped by 41.7% and 16.9% from 1990 to 2019, respectively. COPD, with 212.3 million (200.4–225.1) prevalent cases, was the primary cause of deaths from CRDs, accounting for 3.3 million (2.9–3.6) deaths. With 262.4 million (224.1–309.5) prevalent cases, asthma had the highest prevalence among CRDs. The age-standardised rates of all burden measures of COPD, asthma, and pneumoconiosis have reduced globally from 1990 to 2019. Nevertheless, the age-standardised rates of incidence and prevalence of interstitial lung disease and pulmonary sarcoidosis have increased throughout this period. Low- and low-middle SDI countries had the highest age-standardised death and DALYs rates while the high SDI quintile had the highest prevalence rate of CRDs. The highest deaths and DALYs from CRDs were attributed to smoking globally, followed by air pollution and occupational risks. Non-optimal temperature and high body-mass index were additional risk factors for COPD and asthma, respectively. Interpretation: Albeit the age-standardised prevalence, death, and DALYs rates of CRDs have decreased, they still cause a substantial burden and deaths worldwide. The high death and DALYs rates in low and low-middle SDI countries highlights the urgent need for improved preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures. Global strategies for tobacco control, enhancing air quality, reducing occupational hazards, and fostering clean cooking fuels are crucial steps in reducing the burden of CRDs, especially in low- and lower-middle income countries