26 research outputs found

    Étude de la qualitĂ© des eaux usĂ©es des deux retenues du bassin du Gourou au carrefour de l’IndĂ©niĂ© Ă  Abidjan en 2012.

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    Objectif : Le dĂ©faut de filiĂšre de traitement des eaux usĂ©es a conduit Ă  la rĂ©alisation de ce travail avec pour objectif d’Étudier la qualitĂ© bactĂ©riologique des eaux usĂ©es dans les retenues de l’IndĂ©niĂ© contiguĂ«s aux grands collecteurs du bassin du gourou.MĂ©thodologie et RĂ©sultats : Les Ă©chantillons ont Ă©tĂ© prĂ©levĂ©s dans des bouteilles en verres et analysĂ©es suivant les mĂ©thodes de microbiologies classiques. Dans la retenue A, la concentration moyenne de coliformes totaux Ă©tait de 2,74.107 UFC/100mL. Celles des coliformes thermotolĂ©rants, E. coli et les streptocoques fĂ©caux, ont Ă©tĂ© respectivement de 1,49.107 UFC/100mL, 1,22.107 UFC/100mL et de 9,19.106 UFC/100mL. Dans la retenue B, la concentration moyenne de Coliformes totaux Ă©tait de 2,98.107 UFC/100mL. ConsidĂ©rant les Coliformes thermotolĂ©rants, E. coli et les streptocoques fĂ©caux, les charges moyennes ont Ă©tĂ© respectivement de 2,19.107 UFC/100mL, 1,72.107 UFC/100mL et de 1,32.107 UFC/100mL.Conclusion et application des rĂ©sultats : Les eaux des deux retenues Ă©tudiĂ©es prĂ©sentent une mauvaise qualitĂ© bactĂ©riologique eue Ă©gard aux concentrations des germes indicateurs de pollution fĂ©cale. En effet les concentrations en E. coli, Streptocoques fĂ©caux et coliformes totaux Ă©taient largement supĂ©rieurs aux normes OMS pour les eaux usĂ©es destinĂ©es Ă  ĂȘtre rejetĂ©e dans l’environnement sans risque sanitaire. Il apparait alors plus que nĂ©cessaire de crĂ©er des filiĂšres de traitement de ces eaux usĂ©es avant leur rejet dans le milieu naturel. Ce qui pourrait rĂ©duire les risques de pollution environnementale d’une part et sanitaire d’autre part. Les rĂ©sultats de ce travail posent aussi le problĂšme du mode d’utilisation des collecteurs et des retenus d’eaux usĂ©es qui passent pour ĂȘtre de vrais dĂ©potoirs.Mots clefs : Eaux UsĂ©es, pollution, risque sanitaire, indicateur

    Qualité Biologique de l'Eau de Consommation et MalAdaptabilités Biologiques chez des Enfants de 6 à 59 Mois de Milieux Socio-Sanitaires Différents

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    Les mal-adaptabilitĂ©s  biologiques de l’enfant semblent ĂȘtre le produit des stimulations offertes par le milieu de vie. L’influence de celles-ci sur le fonctionnement biophysiologique de l’enfant n’est pas suffisamment examinĂ©e. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude se propose de comparer les mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques des enfants consommant une eau de qualitĂ© pathogĂšne Ă  celles de leurs pairs ayant accĂšs Ă  une eau de qualitĂ© non pathogĂšne. Cet examen a portĂ© sur 152 enfants ivoiriens ĂągĂ©s de 6 Ă  59 mois. Chez ces derniers, des prĂ©lĂšvements d’eau selon la source disponible dans le mĂ©nage ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s. Ces analyses ont permis de dĂ©terminer le niveau de contamination microbiologique en recourant Ă  la mĂ©thode de la filtration sur membrane. L’examen des mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques des deux groupes d’enfants s’est fait en considĂ©rant les frĂ©quences de pathologies physiques rĂ©currentes en une annĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les sujets qui consomment une eau de qualitĂ© pathogĂšne prĂ©sentent une frĂ©quence de mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques supĂ©rieure Ă  celle de leurs pairs consommant une eau de meilleure qualitĂ© microbiologique. Par exemple, les pathologies hydriques, telles les infections entĂ©riques, sont significativement diffĂ©rentes entre les deux groupes de nourrissons et d’enfants. On note respectivement une frĂ©quence de 8,9% ; 7,2% contre 0% ; 0%. Ces rĂ©sultats confirment l’hypothĂšse selon laquelle la qualitĂ© microbiologique de l’eau consommĂ©e dans un milieu de vie constitue un facteur qui exerce une action diffĂ©rentielle sur l’apparition des mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques.   The biological maladjustments of the child seem to be the product of the stimuli offered by the living environment. The influence of these stimuli on the biophysiological functioning of the child has not been sufficiently examined. The present study compares the biological maladjustments of children consuming water of pathogenic quality with those of their peers having access to water of non-pathogenic quality. The study involved 152 Ivorian children aged 6 to 59 months. Water samples were taken from these children according to the source available in the household. These analyses were used to determine the level of microbiological contamination using the membrane filtration method. The examination of the biological maladjustments of the two groups of children was done by considering the frequencies of recurrent physical pathologies in one year. The results show that subjects consuming water of pathogenic quality have a higher frequency of biological maladjustments than their peers consuming water of better microbiological quality. For example, waterborne pathologies such as enteric infections are significantly different between the two groups of infants and children. The frequency was 8.9% and 7.2% respectively, compared to 0% and 0%. These results support the hypothesis that the microbiological quality of the water consumed in a living environment is a factor that exerts a differential action on the occurrence of biological maladjustments

    Microbiological quality of maize flour sold in the markets of Abidjan city

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    La qualitĂ© microbiologique des farines de maĂŻs commercialisĂ©es sur les marchĂ©s de 9 communes d’Abidjan a Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©e dans ce travail. 60 Ă©chantillons constituĂ©s de farine blanche et de farine jaune avec potasse ont Ă©tĂ© soumis Ă  des analyses physico-chimiques et microbiologiques. Les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© des teneurs en eau et en cendres largement infĂ©rieures aux normes alimentaires. Au niveau microbiologique, les rĂ©sultats ont montrĂ© une grande variation entre les Ă©chantillons. Tous les germes d’intĂ©rĂȘt hygiĂ©nique ont Ă©tĂ© retrouvĂ©s dans toutes les farines avec des charges maximales respectives de 1,8 x 109; 1,3 x 106; 7 x 105; 1,1 x 106; 5,6 x 106 et 1,9 x 108 UFC/g pour les germes aĂ©robies mĂ©sophiles, les coliformes totaux, les coliformes thermo-tolĂ©rants, les levures, les moisissures et les entĂ©rocoques. L’évaluation de la qualitĂ© sanitaire des farines a mis en Ă©vidence la prĂ©sence de Salmonella dans 2 Ă©chantillons (Koumassi et Marcory). Les charges des aĂ©robies sulfito-rĂ©ducteurs, d’Escherichia coli et Staphylococcus aureus ont Ă©tĂ© conformes aux diffĂ©rents critĂšres microbiologiques. Mots ClĂ©s : Abidjan, farine de maĂŻs, qualitĂ© microbiologique, marchĂ©  The microbiological quality of corn flour sold in the markets of 9 municipalities of Abidjan was evaluated in this work. 60 samples of white flour and yellow flour with potash were subjected to physicochemical and microbiological analyzes. The results showed that moisture and ash contents were widely lower than standards. The microbiological analysis showed large variations between samples. All germs of hygienic interest were found in all flours with respective maximum loads of 1.8 x 109, 1.3 x 106, 7 x 105, 1.1 x 106, 5 x 106 and 1.9 x 108 CFU/g for mesophilic aerobic germs, total coliforms, thermo-tolerant coliforms, yeasts, molds and enterococci. The evaluation of the sanitary quality of the flours revealed the presence of Salmonella in 2 samples (Koumassi and Marcory). The sulfato-reducing aerobics, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus charges were in accordance with the various microbiological criteria. Keyword (s): Abidjan, corn flour, microbiological quality, market

    Qualité Biologique de l'Eau de Consommation et Mal-adaptabilités Biologiques chez des Enfants de 6 à 59 Mois de Milieux Socio-sanitaires Différents

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    Les mal-adaptabilitĂ©s  biologiques de l’enfant semblent ĂȘtre le produit des stimulations offertes par le milieu de vie. L’influence de celles-ci sur le fonctionnement biophysiologique de l’enfant n’est pas suffisamment examinĂ©e. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude se propose de comparer les mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques des enfants consommant une eau de qualitĂ© pathogĂšne Ă  celles de leurs pairs ayant accĂšs Ă  une eau de qualitĂ© non pathogĂšne. Cet examen a portĂ© sur 152 enfants ivoiriens ĂągĂ©s de 6 Ă  59 mois. Chez ces derniers, des prĂ©lĂšvements d’eau selon la source disponible dans le mĂ©nage ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s. Ces analyses ont permis de dĂ©terminer le niveau de contamination microbiologique en recourant Ă  la mĂ©thode de la filtration sur membrane. L’examen des mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques des deux groupes d’enfants s’est fait en considĂ©rant les frĂ©quences de pathologies physiques rĂ©currentes en une annĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les sujets qui consomment une eau de qualitĂ© pathogĂšne prĂ©sentent une frĂ©quence de mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques supĂ©rieure Ă  celle de leurs pairs consommant une eau de meilleure qualitĂ© microbiologique. Par exemple, les pathologies hydriques, tels que les infections entĂ©riques sont significativement diffĂ©rentes entre les deux groupes de nourrissons et d’enfants. On note respectivement une frĂ©quence de 8,9% ; 7,2% contre 0% ; 0%. Ces rĂ©sultats confirment l’hypothĂšse selon laquelle la qualitĂ© microbiologique de l’eau consommĂ©e dans un milieu de vie constitue un facteur qui exerce une action diffĂ©rentielle sur l’apparition des mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques.   The biological maladaptabilities of the child seem to be the product of the stimuli offered by the living environment.  The influence of these on the biophysiological functioning of the child is not sufficiently examined.  The present research proposes to compare the biological maladaptabilities of children consuming water of pathogenic quality to those of their peers having access to water of non-pathogenic quality.  This review focused on 152 Ivorian children aged 6 to 59 months.  In the latter, water samples, depending on the source available in the household, were analyzed.  These analyzes made it possible to determine the level of microbiological contamination using the membrane filtration method.  The examination of the biological maladaptabilities of the two groups of children was done by considering the frequencies of physical pathologies.  The results show that subjects who consume water of pathogenic quality present a frequency of biological maladaptabilities higher than that of their peers consuming water of better microbiological quality.  For example, waterborne pathologies, such as enteric infections are significantly different between the two groups of infants and children.  We note respectively a frequency of 8,9% ; 7,2% versus 0 % ; 0 %.  These results confirm the hypothesis that the microbiological quality of the water consumed in a living environment is a factor that exerts a differential action on the appearance of biological maladaptabilities

    Qualité Biologique de l'Eau de Consommation et Mal-adaptabilités Biologiques chez des Enfants de 6 à 59 Mois de Milieux Socio-sanitaires Différents

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    Les mal-adaptabilitĂ©s  biologiques de l’enfant semblent ĂȘtre le produit des stimulations offertes par le milieu de vie. L’influence de celles-ci sur le fonctionnement biophysiologique de l’enfant n’est pas suffisamment examinĂ©e. La prĂ©sente Ă©tude se propose de comparer les mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques des enfants consommant une eau de qualitĂ© pathogĂšne Ă  celles de leurs pairs ayant accĂšs Ă  une eau de qualitĂ© non pathogĂšne. Cet examen a portĂ© sur 152 enfants ivoiriens ĂągĂ©s de 6 Ă  59 mois. Chez ces derniers, des prĂ©lĂšvements d’eau selon la source disponible dans le mĂ©nage ont Ă©tĂ© analysĂ©s. Ces analyses ont permis de dĂ©terminer le niveau de contamination microbiologique en recourant Ă  la mĂ©thode de la filtration sur membrane. L’examen des mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques des deux groupes d’enfants s’est fait en considĂ©rant les frĂ©quences de pathologies physiques rĂ©currentes en une annĂ©e. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que les sujets qui consomment une eau de qualitĂ© pathogĂšne prĂ©sentent une frĂ©quence de mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques supĂ©rieure Ă  celle de leurs pairs consommant une eau de meilleure qualitĂ© microbiologique. Par exemple, les pathologies hydriques, tels que les infections entĂ©riques sont significativement diffĂ©rentes entre les deux groupes de nourrissons et d’enfants. On note respectivement une frĂ©quence de 8,9% ; 7,2% contre 0% ; 0%. Ces rĂ©sultats confirment l’hypothĂšse selon laquelle la qualitĂ© microbiologique de l’eau consommĂ©e dans un milieu de vie constitue un facteur qui exerce une action diffĂ©rentielle sur l’apparition des mal-adaptabilitĂ©s biologiques.   The biological maladaptabilities of the child seem to be the product of the stimuli offered by the living environment.  The influence of these on the biophysiological functioning of the child is not sufficiently examined.  The present research proposes to compare the biological maladaptabilities of children consuming water of pathogenic quality to those of their peers having access to water of non-pathogenic quality.  This review focused on 152 Ivorian children aged 6 to 59 months.  In the latter, water samples, depending on the source available in the household, were analyzed.  These analyzes made it possible to determine the level of microbiological contamination using the membrane filtration method.  The examination of the biological maladaptabilities of the two groups of children was done by considering the frequencies of physical pathologies.  The results show that subjects who consume water of pathogenic quality present a frequency of biological maladaptabilities higher than that of their peers consuming water of better microbiological quality.  For example, waterborne pathologies, such as enteric infections are significantly different between the two groups of infants and children.  We note respectively a frequency of 8,9% ; 7,2% versus 0 % ; 0 %.  These results confirm the hypothesis that the microbiological quality of the water consumed in a living environment is a factor that exerts a differential action on the appearance of biological maladaptabilities

    Molecular diversity and antibiotic resistance gene profile of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from humans and food animals in Lagos, Nigeria

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    Outbreaks of Salmonellosis remain a major public health problem globally. This study determined the diversity and antibiotic resistance gene profile of Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from humans and food animals. Using standard methods, Salmonella spp. were isolated from fecal samples, profiled for antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance genes. Seventy-one Salmonella isolates were recovered from both humans and food animals comprising cattle, sheep, and chicken. Forty-four serovars were identified, with dominant Salmonella Budapest (31.8%). Rare serovars were present in chicken (S. Alfort, S. Wichita, S. Linton, S. Ealing, and S. Ebrie) and humans (S. Mowanjum, S. Huettwillen, S. Limete, and S. Chagoua). Sixty-eight percent of isolates were sensitive to all test antibiotics, while the highest rate of resistance was to nalidixic acid (16.9%; n = 12), followed by ciprofloxacin (11.3%; n = 8) and tetracycline (9.9%; n = 8). Five isolates (7%) were multidrug-resistant and antimicrobial resistance genes coding resistance to tetracycline (tetA), beta-lactam (blaTEM), and quinolone/fluoroquinolone (qnrB and qnrS) were detected. Evolutionary analysis of gyrA gene sequences of human and food animal Salmonella isolates revealed variations but are evolutionarily interconnected. Isolates were grouped into four clades with S. Budapest isolate from cattle clustering with S. Budapest isolated from chicken, whereas S. Essen isolated from sheep and chicken was grouped into a clade. Diverse S. enterica serovars with high antibiotic resistance profile are ubiquitous in food animals; hence, there is a need for surveillance and prudent use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine

    Global monitoring of antimicrobial resistance based on metagenomics analyses of urban sewage

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    Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious threat to global public health, but obtaining representative data on AMR for healthy human populations is difficult. Here, we use meta-genomic analysis of untreated sewage to characterize the bacterial resistome from 79 sites in 60 countries. We find systematic differences in abundance and diversity of AMR genes between Europe/North-America/Oceania and Africa/Asia/South-America. Antimicrobial use data and bacterial taxonomy only explains a minor part of the AMR variation that we observe. We find no evidence for cross-selection between antimicrobial classes, or for effect of air travel between sites. However, AMR gene abundance strongly correlates with socio-economic, health and environmental factors, which we use to predict AMR gene abundances in all countries in the world. Our findings suggest that global AMR gene diversity and abundance vary by region, and that improving sanitation and health could potentially limit the global burden of AMR. We propose metagenomic analysis of sewage as an ethically acceptable and economically feasible approach for continuous global surveillance and prediction of AMR.Peer reviewe

    Setting a baseline for global urban virome surveillance in sewage

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    The rapid development of megacities, and their growing connectedness across the world is becoming a distinct driver for emerging disease outbreaks. Early detection of unusual disease emergence and spread should therefore include such cities as part of risk-based surveillance. A catch-all metagenomic sequencing approach of urban sewage could potentially provide an unbiased insight into the dynamics of viral pathogens circulating in a community irrespective of access to care, a potential which already has been proven for the surveillance of poliovirus. Here, we present a detailed characterization of sewage viromes from a snapshot of 81 high density urban areas across the globe, including in-depth assessment of potential biases, as a proof of concept for catch-all viral pathogen surveillance. We show the ability to detect a wide range of viruses and geographical and seasonal differences for specific viral groups. Our findings offer a cross-sectional baseline for further research in viral surveillance from urban sewage samples and place previous studies in a global perspective

    Socializing One Health: an innovative strategy to investigate social and behavioral risks of emerging viral threats

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    In an effort to strengthen global capacity to prevent, detect, and control infectious diseases in animals and people, the United States Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Emerging Pandemic Threats (EPT) PREDICT project funded development of regional, national, and local One Health capacities for early disease detection, rapid response, disease control, and risk reduction. From the outset, the EPT approach was inclusive of social science research methods designed to understand the contexts and behaviors of communities living and working at human-animal-environment interfaces considered high-risk for virus emergence. Using qualitative and quantitative approaches, PREDICT behavioral research aimed to identify and assess a range of socio-cultural behaviors that could be influential in zoonotic disease emergence, amplification, and transmission. This broad approach to behavioral risk characterization enabled us to identify and characterize human activities that could be linked to the transmission dynamics of new and emerging viruses. This paper provides a discussion of implementation of a social science approach within a zoonotic surveillance framework. We conducted in-depth ethnographic interviews and focus groups to better understand the individual- and community-level knowledge, attitudes, and practices that potentially put participants at risk for zoonotic disease transmission from the animals they live and work with, across 6 interface domains. When we asked highly-exposed individuals (ie. bushmeat hunters, wildlife or guano farmers) about the risk they perceived in their occupational activities, most did not perceive it to be risky, whether because it was normalized by years (or generations) of doing such an activity, or due to lack of information about potential risks. Integrating the social sciences allows investigations of the specific human activities that are hypothesized to drive disease emergence, amplification, and transmission, in order to better substantiate behavioral disease drivers, along with the social dimensions of infection and transmission dynamics. Understanding these dynamics is critical to achieving health security--the protection from threats to health-- which requires investments in both collective and individual health security. Involving behavioral sciences into zoonotic disease surveillance allowed us to push toward fuller community integration and engagement and toward dialogue and implementation of recommendations for disease prevention and improved health security
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