De las ventas con precio aplazado en el anteproyecto de ley del Código Mercantil

La regulación de las ventas con precio aplazado aparece dispersa, coincidiendo, superponiéndose o completándose, en diversas normativas, principalmente, la Ley de Ventas a Plazos de Bienes Muebles, Ley de Ordenación del Comercio Minorista y Ley de Lucha contra la Morosidad en Operaciones Comerciales. Estas leyes tienen un ámbito de aplicación propio, limitado o específico, que resulta de la configuración de los diversos intereses cuya protección en cada caso se persigue, de modo la regulación de las ventas con precio aplazado carece de un marco completa y sistemático. Esta constatación hace especialmente necesario y urgente considerar la conveniencia de acometer una regulación general y omnicomprensiva de las operaciones de venta a crédito entre empresarios. El Anteproyecto de Ley de Código mercantil intenta suplir este vacío regulando por primera vez de forma general las ventas con precio aplazado de bienes muebles, incardinándolas en las modalidades especiales de compraventa mercantil. Pero la subsistencia de aquellas otras normas ante una futura aprobación del nuevo Código, más que lograr la deseada simplificación y aclaración del régimen legal, derivan en una situación de confluencia de normas de apreciable complejidad y que puede generar confusión y dificultades en la aplicación.Este trabajo se enmarca dentro del Proyecto de investigación DER2013-46070-P: La modernización del Derecho español de garantías mobiliarias para facilitar el acceso al crédito y la financiación en un contexto internacional

Mediation in civil and commercial matters in Spain: From voluntary to mandatory

Ante un uso aún limitado de la mediación en asuntos civiles y mercantiles en España, se han tomado diversas medidas para superar los diversos obstáculos para su implementación. Con este fin se entiende la transición legislativa desde un modelo de voluntariedad a uno de obligatoriedad a través de la fórmula del requisito de procedibilidad. En este trabajo, se analiza esta evolución y se valoran sus efectos. Además del legislador, las partes, por vía consensual, promueven también el uso de la mediación pactando su uso como vía previa al arbitraje, o mediante la hibridación de aquel método autocompositivo con este heterocompositivo.      Given the still limited use of mediation in civil and commercial matters in Spain, various measures have been taken to overcome the various obstacles to its implementation. The legislative transition from a voluntary model to a mandatory one based on a formula of the requirement of procedure is to be understood within such a strategy. In this article, this evolution is analyzed and its effects are assessed. In addition to the legislator, the parties, by agreement, also promote the use of mediation inn their contracts, by agreeing on its use prior to arbitration, or through hybrid clauses

Smart contract: conceito, ecossistema e principais questões de direito privado

Smart Contracts are, in general terms, computer protocols that allow a device to execute autonomously the provision of a contract, thus, without the need for human intervention. The replacement of human action by a process – a set of protocols – which allows (a) the operations automation, (b) the automatic materialization of transaction provisions and (c) other use of distinct technologies that allow the verification of clauses and subjects’ identity linked to the transaction, which result in high economy of costs. Besides, the parties’ expectations of satisfying their business interests, as is established by contract, ends to be broadly protected. Rapidity, predictability, and automation pervade the exercise of private autonomy and facilitate effective self-protection. Despite these evident advantages, this figure presents some restrictions and disadvantages that brings possible problems with it. This work briefly explores the Smart Contracts phenomenon, reflects about his particular ecosystem and, hereafter, proposes important legal questions evoked by Smart Contracts.Os smarts contracts são, em termos bastante gerais, protocolos informáticos que permitem que um dispositivo execute as prestações de um contrato de forma autônoma, logo, sem a necessidade de intervenção humana. A substituição da ação humana por um processo – conjunto de protocolos – que viabiliza (a) a automação de operações, (b) a materialização automática das prestações nas transações e (c) a utilização de outras tecnologias, as quais permitem a verificação do clausulado e da identidade dos sujeitos vinculados à transação resulta em elevada economia de custos. Ademais, as expectativas das partes para a satisfação de seus interesses negociais, tal como estabelecido no contrato, acabam sendo amplamente protegidas. Rapidez, previsibilidade e automação permeiam o exercício da autonomia privada, facilitando a efetiva autotutela. Não obstante os evidentes benefícios, tal figura apresenta limitações e desvantagens, trazendo consigo possíveis problemas. Este trabalho explora brevemente o fenômeno dos smart contracts, reflete sobre seu ecossistema particular e, a seguir, aborda importantes questões jurídicas que acompanham os smart contracts

Las empresas sociales: un nuevo reto para el derecho de sociedades

Companies, as an associative phenomenon, have been intensively studied, discussed and reconsidered within last years, leading accordingly to main milestones in their regulation. Nowadays, companies, mainly corporations, are experiencing a profound process of social scrutiny aiming to rethink to a large extent about the functions that companies should perform in contemporaneous societies. Environmental concerns, arguments about social justice or mere criticism arising from the role that companies have performed in the crisis of capitalist economies, are today at the basis of the debate. Against such a backdrop, in the last decades, social enterprises have aroused particular interest and attention as an expression of the change in social mentality, motivations, interests and approaches and, consequently in the economic system. In accordance with this new form of understanding the market, the jurist must face up the challenge to assess whether law currently in force is prepared to give a response to these new needs and whether it acts as a driving force or if it perpetuates an archaic and stagnant model instead.Fil: Feliu Rey, Jorge. Universidad de Carlos III (UC3M). Facultad de Derecho y Ciencias Sociales. Departamento de Derecho Privado. Madrid, EspañaDossier: La empresa comercial: proyección hacia la comunidad. -- La sociedad, como fenómeno asociativo, ha sido objeto de intensa atención, debate y replanteamiento a lo largo de estos últimos siglos, que han marcado los hitos de su regulación. En la actualidad, las sociedades, principalmente las capitalistas, están inmersas en un profundo proceso de escrutinio social que está marcando las líneas de un replanteamiento de gran alcance sobre las funciones que deben desempeñar en la sociedad. Consideraciones medioambientales, argumentos de justicia social o sencillamente críticas derivadas del papel de las sociedades en la crisis de las economías capitalistas, se encuentran hoy en la base del debate. En este contexto, en las últimas décadas, han despertado especial atención, desde frentes muy diversos, las denominadas empresas sociales, que son un reflejo claro de ese cambio en la mentalidad de la sociedad, en sus motivaciones, sus intereses y su perspectiva, por tanto, del sistema económico. Como consecuencia de estas nuevas formas de entender el mercado, el jurista debe afrontar el reto de cuestionarse si el Derecho vigente está en condiciones de responder a esas nuevas necesidades, si, en realidad, apuntala un modelo arcaico e inmovilista o si, por el contrario, puede ser el motor impulsor del cambi

El contrato de escrow

Con esta obra, se desea contribuir a la discusión jurídica de una figura que, con algunas excepciones, no ha sido objeto de gran atención por la doctrina científica española. De ahí que la intención sea abordar el contrato de escrow de una forma amplia, global, sin centrarnos en un escrow específico, que permita al lector comprender la importancia y relevancia prácticas de esta figura y a su vez la dificultad, dada su vasta fenomenología, de definir su posible régimen jurídico. El autor es consciente de la dificultad de intentar abarcar todos los aspectos de esta figura tan versátil, por lo que se opta por una aproximación funcional que trata de entender los fines y funciones y proyectarlos sobre los diversos problemas jurídicos que nos permitirán ir configurando la naturaleza jurídica de la figura en sus diversas manifestaciones en el mercado

Patients with Crohn's disease have longer post-operative in-hospital stay than patients with colon cancer but no difference in complications' rate

BACKGROUNDRight hemicolectomy or ileocecal resection are used to treat benign conditions like Crohn's disease (CD) and malignant ones like colon cancer (CC).AIMTo investigate differences in pre- and peri-operative factors and their impact on post-operative outcome in patients with CC and CD.METHODSThis is a sub-group analysis of the European Society of Coloproctology's prospective, multi-centre snapshot audit. Adult patients with CC and CD undergoing right hemicolectomy or ileocecal resection were included. Primary outcome measure was 30-d post-operative complications. Secondary outcome measures were post-operative length of stay (LOS) at and readmission.RESULTSThree hundred and seventy-five patients with CD and 2,515 patients with CC were included. Patients with CD were younger (median = 37 years for CD and 71 years for CC (P < 0.01), had lower American Society of Anesthesiology score (ASA) grade (P < 0.01) and less comorbidity (P < 0.01), but were more likely to be current smokers (P < 0.01). Patients with CD were more frequently operated on by colorectal surgeons (P < 0.01) and frequently underwent ileocecal resection (P < 0.01) with higher rate of de-functioning/primary stoma construction (P < 0.01). Thirty-day post-operative mortality occurred exclusively in the CC group (66/2515, 2.3%). In multivariate analyses, the risk of post-operative complications was similar in the two groups (OR 0.80, 95%CI: 0.54-1.17; P = 0.25). Patients with CD had a significantly longer LOS (Geometric mean 0.87, 95%CI: 0.79-0.95; P < 0.01). There was no difference in re-admission rates. The audit did not collect data on post-operative enhanced recovery protocols that are implemented in the different participating centers.CONCLUSIONPatients with CD were younger, with lower ASA grade, less comorbidity, operated on by experienced surgeons and underwent less radical resection but had a longer LOS than patients with CC although complication's rate was not different between the two groups

TRUST - digital TuRn in EUrope: Strengthening relational reliance through Technology

TRUST is a EU funded project in Horizon 2020 -MSCA (GA 101007820) that promotes an interdisciplinary research program, involving academic and non-academic institutions, in order to understand the role of trust in the implementation of digital technologies and suggest actual means of development. Assuming that the digital transformation of European society can be fully achieved only if technologies evolve in a trustworthy environment, the project analyses the mutual influence between trust and digital technologies in order to raise relational reliance in people-to-people, people-to-business and people-to-authorities interactions. The consortium gathers expertise from different backgrounds (legal, economic, engineering), belonging to EU countries, as well as Israel and China

The impact of stapling technique and surgeon specialism on anastomotic failure after right?sided colorectal resection: an international multicentre, prospective audit

Aim There is little evidence to support choice of technique and configuration for stapled anastomoses after right hemicolectomy and ileocaecal resection. This study aimed to determine the relationship between stapling technique and anastomotic failure. Method Any unit performing gastrointestinal surgery was invited to contribute data on consecutive adult patients undergoing right hemicolectomy or ileocolic resection to this prospective, observational, international, multicentre study. Patients undergoing stapled, side?to?side ileocolic anastomoses were identified and multilevel, multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to explore factors associated with anastomotic leak. Results One thousand three hundred and forty?seven patients were included from 200 centres in 32 countries. The overall anastomotic leak rate was 8.3%. Upon multivariate analysis there was no difference in leak rate with use of a cutting stapler for apical closure compared with a noncutting stapler (8.4% vs 8.0%, OR 0.91, 95% CI 0.54–1.53, P = 0.72). Oversewing of the apical staple line, whether in the cutting group (7.9% vs 9.7%, OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.52–1.46, P = 0.60) or noncutting group (8.9% vs 5.7%, OR 1.40, 95% CI 0.46–4.23, P = 0.55) also conferred no benefit in terms of reducing leak rates. Surgeons reporting to be general surgeons had a significantly higher leak rate than those reporting to be colorectal surgeons (12.1% vs 7.3%, OR 1.65, 95% CI 1.04–2.64, P = 0.04). Conclusion This study did not identify any difference in anastomotic leak rates according to the type of stapling device used to close the apical aspect. In addition, oversewing of the anastomotic staple lines appears to confer no benefit in terms of reducing leak rates. Although general surgeons operated on patients with more high?risk characteristics than colorectal surgeons, a higher leak rate for general surgeons which remained after risk adjustment needs further exploration