Transcriptome Analysis and SNP Development Can Resolve Population Differentiation of Streblospio benedicti, a Developmentally Dimorphic Marine Annelid

Next-generation sequencing technology is now frequently being used to develop genomic tools for non-model organisms, which are generally important for advancing studies of evolutionary ecology. One such species, the marine annelid Streblospio benedicti, is an ideal system to study the evolutionary consequences of larval life history mode because the species displays a rare offspring dimorphism termed poecilogony, where females can produce either many small offspring or a few large ones. To further develop S. benedicti as a model system for studies of life history evolution, we apply 454 sequencing to characterize the transcriptome for embryos, larvae, and juveniles of this species, for which no genomic resources are currently available. Here we performed a de novo alignment of 336,715 reads generated by a quarter GS-FLX (Roche 454) run, which produced 7,222 contigs. We developed a novel approach for evaluating the site frequency spectrum across the transcriptome to identify potential signatures of selection. We also developed 84 novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for this species that are used to distinguish coastal populations of S. benedicti. We validated the SNPs by genotyping individuals of different developmental modes using the BeadXPress Golden Gate assay (Illumina). This allowed us to evaluate markers that may be associated with life-history mode

Effects of a high-dose 24-h infusion of tranexamic acid on death and thromboembolic events in patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding (HALT-IT): an international randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

Background: Tranexamic acid reduces surgical bleeding and reduces death due to bleeding in patients with trauma. Meta-analyses of small trials show that tranexamic acid might decrease deaths from gastrointestinal bleeding. We aimed to assess the effects of tranexamic acid in patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods: We did an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in 164 hospitals in 15 countries. Patients were enrolled if the responsible clinician was uncertain whether to use tranexamic acid, were aged above the minimum age considered an adult in their country (either aged 16 years and older or aged 18 years and older), and had significant (defined as at risk of bleeding to death) upper or lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Patients were randomly assigned by selection of a numbered treatment pack from a box containing eight packs that were identical apart from the pack number. Patients received either a loading dose of 1 g tranexamic acid, which was added to 100 mL infusion bag of 0·9% sodium chloride and infused by slow intravenous injection over 10 min, followed by a maintenance dose of 3 g tranexamic acid added to 1 L of any isotonic intravenous solution and infused at 125 mg/h for 24 h, or placebo (sodium chloride 0·9%). Patients, caregivers, and those assessing outcomes were masked to allocation. The primary outcome was death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation; analysis excluded patients who received neither dose of the allocated treatment and those for whom outcome data on death were unavailable. This trial was registered with Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN11225767, and ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01658124. Findings: Between July 4, 2013, and June 21, 2019, we randomly allocated 12 009 patients to receive tranexamic acid (5994, 49·9%) or matching placebo (6015, 50·1%), of whom 11 952 (99·5%) received the first dose of the allocated treatment. Death due to bleeding within 5 days of randomisation occurred in 222 (4%) of 5956 patients in the tranexamic acid group and in 226 (4%) of 5981 patients in the placebo group (risk ratio [RR] 0·99, 95% CI 0·82–1·18). Arterial thromboembolic events (myocardial infarction or stroke) were similar in the tranexamic acid group and placebo group (42 [0·7%] of 5952 vs 46 [0·8%] of 5977; 0·92; 0·60 to 1·39). Venous thromboembolic events (deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism) were higher in tranexamic acid group than in the placebo group (48 [0·8%] of 5952 vs 26 [0·4%] of 5977; RR 1·85; 95% CI 1·15 to 2·98). Interpretation: We found that tranexamic acid did not reduce death from gastrointestinal bleeding. On the basis of our results, tranexamic acid should not be used for the treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding outside the context of a randomised trial

A922 Sequential measurement of 1 hour creatinine clearance (1-CRCL) in critically ill patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)

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Economic and Biological Perspectives on Off-site Effects Associated with Soil Acidification

There is likely to be a divergence in the interests of farmers and their neighbours or the community in the management of land and hence a greater rate of exploitation of soil qualities than that desired by the community. This is particularly true under current institutional arrangements with respect to nonpoint forms of land degradation, such as soil acidification, where the property rights of the community are weak. Hence it is important to understand the nature and extent of off-site impacts so as to form a basis either for potential collective action or for some form of intervention by government. One of the objectives of this paper is to draw out the analogies between offsite effects of a spatial nature with those of a dynamic or temporal nature with a view to providing useful insights to biological and economic research into the spatial off-site effects of alternative land management strategies. To make the discussion less abstract the management of soil acidity will be used as an example throughout the paper. To date it would seem that most biological and economic research into this issue has focussed on the temporal dimension

Farming Options for Ameliorating Acidifying Soils in South - Eastern Australia: An Economic Assessment.

Acid and acidifying soils occur extensively in Australia. Currently, some 90 million hectares of agricultural land in Australia is considered to be acidic and around 35 million hectares are considered to be highly acidic which is both a serious agricultural and environmental problem. The nature, impact, and causes of soil acidification vary across Australia, as do farming systems and the institutional and socioeconomic issues relating to land management. In high-rainfall areas of south-eastern Australia, managing acid soils is particularly difficult in permanent pasture systems. In this paper, an economic analysis is made of the results of a long-term trial (MASTER – Managing Acid Soils Through Efficient Rotations) aimed at developing a sustainable agricultural system which can stop soil acidification and ameliorate subsurface acidity in the 500-800 mm rainfall zone . Data from four basic treatments (with and without lime) such as annual pastures, annual pastures / crop rotation, perennial pastures and perennial pastures / crop rotation were analysed. We used average crop yields and wool cuts during 1992 to 1997 and calculated gross margins for the options. Using discounted cash flows, the economic benefits of the different treatments were examined. The implications for farmers in those regions are identified and explored

Term of Reference b): Review and consider methods for integrating genomic methods with marine fisheries management

While management of commercially exploited marine living resources aims at maxim-izing yield, profit and employment opportunities, these goals have to be reconciled with long-term sustainability as well as the maintenance of coastal and marine ecosys-tem health. Such thinking underpins many fisheries management and policy frame-works worldwide. The recently reformed Common Fisheries Policy (CFP; REGULATION (EU) No 1380/2013) stipulates that until 2015 the exploitation of marine living resources should be adapted such that populations of harvested stocks are main-tained above levels that can produce the maximum sustainable yield (MSY). The legis-lation also puts much emphasis on the need to introduce the ecosystem approach to fisheries management (EAFM) and introduces a discard ban, the so called “landing obligation”. Identical and similar provisions are embedded in fisheries legislation of other countries. As discussed previously (Martinsohn et al., 2011; ICES, 2013a; Ovenden et al., 2013a) fisheries genetics has clearly come of age. State-of-the-art genetic and genomic approaches are suited to address a plethora of fishery management relevant questions from basic species identification (e.g. for Ichthyoplankton analysis carried out for stock assessment) and stock (population) structure analysis, to more complex themes such as mixed-stock analysis (e.g. Bekkevold et al., 2011) and ecosystem monitoring (ICES, 2013a). The current ToR provides a general synthesis of data that can be delivered by genetics and genomics in the context of current fisheries management schemes. Ev-idence is presented from salient examples incorporating such approaches that genetic data can be integrated readily with other relevant data in diverse fisheries management scenarios. Consequently, genetics and evolutionary thinking can add valuable infor-mation to the successful implementation of strategies to promote profitable and sus-tainable fisheries within an ecosystem context.JRC.G.3-Maritime affair