Parasitoid ecology along geographic gradients: lessons for climate change studies

International audienceOne method to study the impact of climate change on host-parasitoid relationships is to compare populations along geographical gradients in latitude, altitude or longitude. Indeed, temperatures, which vary along geographic gradients directly shape the life traits of parasitoids and indirectly shift their populations through trophic interactions with hosts and plants. We explored the pros and cons of using these comparisons along gradients. We highlighted that the longitudinal gradients, although understudied, are well correlated to winter warming and summer heat waves and we draw attention to the impact of the increase in extreme events, which will probably be the determining parameters of the effect of climate change on host-parasitoid relationships

Functions and circuits of REM sleep

Handbook of Sleep Research, Volume 30, provides a comprehensive review of the current status of the neuroscience of sleep research. It begins with an overview of the neural, hormonal and genetic mechanisms of sleep and wake regulation before outlining the various proposed functions of sleep and the role it plays in plasticity, and in learning and memory. Finally, the book discusses disorders of sleep and waking, covering both lifestyle factors that cause disrupted sleep and psychiatric and neurological conditions that contribute to disorders