12 research outputs found

    Investigation of protein and DNA interactions of Pax5 in B-cell lineage commitment

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    Der Determinierungsprozess einer Zelle zu einer bestimmten Zelllinie wird durch das Zusammenspiel von Transkriptionsfaktoren, Chromatin-Regulatoren und Signal-Transduktionswegen reguliert. Der Transkriptionsfaktor Pax5 ist der B-Zell-spezifische Determinierungstionsfaktor. In seiner dualen Funktion reprimiert Pax5 die Expression von Genen anderer Zelllinien einerseits und aktiviert B-Zell-spezifische Gene andererseits. Dabei interagiert Pax5 mit Proteinkomplexen, die eine aktivierende oder reprimierende Funktion haben. In frĂŒheren Studien konnten einige Interaktionspartner von Pax5 identifiziert werden wie z.B. TBP, eine Komponente des basalen Transkriptionsfaktors TFIID oder aber Brg1, eine Untereinheit des BAF-Chromatin Remodeliungskomplexes sowie verschiedene Groucho Corepressoren. Bisher wurden diese Interaktionsstudien in transient transfizierten Zelllinen untersucht. Ein Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand darin unter physiologischen Bedingungen in einem pro-B Zell System mit endogener Pax5 Expression einerseits die bisher bekannten Pax5 Interaktionspartner zu bestĂ€tigen und andererseits neue Interaktionspartner zu identifizieren. Hierzu wurde die Pax5Bio/Bio knock-in Maus verwendet, die ein Pax5 Protein mit einer Biotinylierungssequenz (Pax5-Bio) generiert, das bei Coexpression der E.coli Biotin Ligase BirA biotinyliert wird. Das biotinylierte Pax5 konnte in Streptavidin-Pulldown Experimenten erfolgreich aufgereinigt werden. Interaktionspartner wurden durch Massenspektrometrie und Western Blot Experimente analysiert. Im Zuge dessen konnte gezeigt werden,dass Pax5 in pro-B Zellen den BAF-Chromatin Remodeliungskomplex rekrutiert, sowie TFIID und Proteine mit Histon-Acetyltransferase AktivitĂ€t (CBP). Weiterhin konnten Komponenten (PTIP, RbBP5) des Histon-Methyltransferase Komplexes MLL mit aufgereinigt werden. Der MLL Komplex fĂŒhrt zur Methylierung von H3K4 - einer Markierung aktiven Chromatins. Der NCoR Komplex, welcher hingegen eine Histon-Deacetylase Funktion besitzt, interagierte ebenfalls mit Pax5. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass dementsprechende Änderungen der Chromatinmodifikationen an Pax5 regulierten Genen nach Rekrutierung dieser Komplexe stattfinden und von diesen abhĂ€ngig sind. Daher lĂ€sst sich zusammenfassen, dass Pax5 in der frĂŒhen B-Zell Entwicklung Genexpression auf epigenetischer und transkriptioneller Ebene reguliert. Eine wichtige Eigenschaft von B-Zellen ist die Produktion eines vielfĂ€ltigen Antigenrezeptor Repertoires, das das Überleben von SĂ€ugetieren in einer Pathogen-reichen Umwelt ermöglicht. Diese Vielfalt wird durch den Prozess der sog. V(D)J Rekombination erreicht. Dabei werden diskontinuierliche variable (V), diversity (D) und joining (J) Segmente der Immunoglobulin (Ig) Gene wĂ€hrend der B-Zell Entwicklung rearrangiert. Um eine gleichmĂ€ĂŸige ReprĂ€sentation aller Gensegmente zu gewĂ€hrleisten, kontrahiert der Immunoglobulinschwerekette (Igh) Gen Locus im pro-B Zell Stadium. Dadurch werden die 3Mb voneinander entfernte VH Gene und DH Segmente nah zusammen gebracht. Diese Kontraktion ist abhĂ€ngig von Pax5. PAIR Elemente der distalen VH Regionen des Igh Lokus enthalten Pax5- CTCF- sowie E2A Bindestellen und zeigen eine Pax5 abhĂ€ngige Expression von antisense Transkripten wĂ€hrend des pro-B Zellstadiums. Es ist bekannt, dass CTCF wĂ€hrend bestimmter Entwicklungsstadien zusammen mit anderen spezifischen Transkriptionsfaktoren zum Schleifenbildung komplexer Regionen im Genom fĂŒhren kann. Daher sollte untersucht werden, ob PAIR Elemente die Kontraktion des Igh Lokus regulieren. Diese Hypothese konnte durch die circular chromosom conformation capture (4C) Methode in Kombination mit deep sequencing bestĂ€tigt werden. Obgleich 2.5 Mb voneinander entfernt, interagieren PAIR Elemente mit Enhancern am 3’-Ende des Igh Lokus. Diese Interaktion konnte nur in Pax5 expremierenden pro-B Zellen festgestellt werden. Dieser Ansatz trĂ€gt einen weiteren Teil zu dem VerstĂ€ndnis des Mechanismus bei, wie Pax5 die Kontraktion des Igh Lokus und sowie die V(D)J Rekombination reguliertLineage commitment is a result of the interplay of transcription factors, chromatin regulators and cell signalling. Pax5 is a B-cell commitment factor with a dual role of activating B-cell specific genes and simultaneously repressing genes important for alternative lineages. Pax5 acts by interacting with protein complexes that mediate its activating or repressive function. Some interaction partners of Pax5 have been previously identified, such as the TBP component of the basal transcription factor TFIID, the Brg1 subunit of the BAF-chromatin remodelling complex and Groucho corepressors. However, most of these studies were done by using cell lines and transient transfection assays. We wanted to confirm the known Pax5-partner proteins, and to identify novel Pax5-interacting proteins in a physiological pro-B cell system where Pax5 is expressed at an endogenous level. Therefore, I took advantage of the Pax5Bio/Bio knock-in mouse, which expresses a biotin tagged Pax5 protein (Pax5-Bio) together with its modifying E. coli biotin ligase BirA. From these mice I isolated the biotinylated Pax5 protein by streptavidin pulldown. We analysed the copurifed proteins by mass spectrometry and Western blotting. We could confirm that Pax5 recruits the chromatin-remodelling BAF complex, the basal transcription complex TFIID and proteins with histone-acetyltransferse activity (CBP) in pro-B cells. Furthermore, we found that Pax5 associates with the components (PTIP, RbBP5) of the histone methyltransferase MLL complex, establishing the active H3K4 methylation mark, as well as with the NCoR complex and the associated histone deacetylase activity. Moreover, the corresponding changes in chromatin marks at Pax5-regulated genes are accompanied by, and dependent on, the recruitment of these complexes. In summary, Pax5 regulates gene transcription in early B-cell development by orchestrating epigenetic and transcriptional changes on its target genes. A hallmark of the B cell lineage is the expression of a diverse antigen receptor repertoire, which allows the survival of mammals in a pathogen-rich environment. This diversity arises by the process of V(D)J recombination, which assembles the variable regions of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes from discontinuous variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) gene segments during B cell development. To allow equal representation of all gene segments, the immunoglobulin heavy-chain (Igh) locus undergoes contraction at the pro-B cell stage, which juxtaposes distal VH genes next to proximal DH segments, although they may be separated by genomic distance of up to 3 Mb. The contraction critically depends on Pax5. PAIR elements in the distal VH region of the Igh locus contain Pax5-, CTCF- and E2A-binding sites and give rise to Pax5-dependent antisense transcription at the pro-B cell stage. Since CTCF, in collaboration with specific transcription factors, mediates developmental stage-specific looping of other complex loci, we hypothesised that the PAIR elements could regulate Igh locus contraction. I confirmed this by using the circular chromosome conformation capture (4C) method coupled with deep sequencing. Although they are separated by more than 2.5 Mb, the PAIR elements interacted with the enhancers at the 3’ end of the Igh locus only in pro-B cells that were expressing Pax5. With this study we have come closer to understanding the mechanism by which Pax5 controls Igh locus contraction and V(D)J recombination

    Development and regulation of RORÎłt + innate lymphoid cells

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    International audienceRORÎłt(+) innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), or ILC3, play a fundamental role in the development of lymphoid tissues, as well as in homeostasis and defence of mucosal tissues. These cells produce IL-22, IL-17A and LTα1ÎČ2, key cytokines for the activation of epithelial defences and the recruitment of polymorphonuclear phagocytes. In the absence of ILC3, the early defence to infection and resistance to injury are compromised. Given the importance of ILC3 in mucosal immunity, significant efforts are made to discover their multiple functions and decipher their mode of action and regulation

    Control of pathogens and microbiota by innate lymphoid cells

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    International audienceInnate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are the innate counterpart of T cells. Upon infection or injury, ILCs react promptly to direct the developing immune response to the one most adapted to the threat facing the organism. Therefore, ILCs play an important role early in resistance to infection, but also to maintain homeostasis with the symbiotic microbiota following perturbations induced by diet and pathogens. Such roles of ILCs have been best characterized in the intestine and lung, mucosal sites that are exposed to the environment and are therefore colonized with diverse but specific types of microbes. Understanding the dialogue between pathogens, microbiota and ILCs may lead to new strategies to re-inforce immunity for prevention, vaccination and therapy

    Flexible long-range loops in the VH gene region of the Igh locus facilitate the generation of a diverse antibody repertoire.

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    International audienceThe immunoglobulin heavy-chain (Igh) locus undergoes large-scale contraction in pro-B cells, which facilitates VH-DJH recombination by juxtaposing distal VH genes next to the DJH-rearranged gene segment in the 3' proximal Igh domain. By using high-resolution mapping of long-range interactions, we demonstrate that local interaction domains established the three-dimensional structure of the extended Igh locus in lymphoid progenitors. In pro-B cells, these local domains engaged in long-range interactions across the Igh locus, which depend on the regulators Pax5, YY1, and CTCF. The large VH gene cluster underwent flexible long-range interactions with the more rigidly structured proximal domain, which probably ensures similar participation of all VH genes in VH-DJH recombination to generate a diverse antibody repertoire. These long-range interactions appear to be an intrinsic feature of the VH gene cluster, because they are still generated upon mutation of the EΌ enhancer, IGCR1 insulator, or 3' regulatory region in the proximal Igh domain

    The transcription factor Pax5 regulates its target genes by recruiting chromatin-modifying proteins in committed B cells

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    The mechanism of Pax5-mediated gene activation and repression during early B-cell development is unclear. This study identifies Pax5-binding sites in pro-B cells and the changes in chromatin modifications induced by the recruitment of chromatin-modifying and transcription factors
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