238 research outputs found
Evaluating the End-User Experience of Private Browsing Mode
Nowadays, all major web browsers have a private browsing mode. However, the
mode's benefits and limitations are not particularly understood. Through the
use of survey studies, prior work has found that most users are either unaware
of private browsing or do not use it. Further, those who do use private
browsing generally have misconceptions about what protection it provides.
However, prior work has not investigated \emph{why} users misunderstand the
benefits and limitations of private browsing. In this work, we do so by
designing and conducting a three-part study: (1) an analytical approach
combining cognitive walkthrough and heuristic evaluation to inspect the user
interface of private mode in different browsers; (2) a qualitative,
interview-based study to explore users' mental models of private browsing and
its security goals; (3) a participatory design study to investigate why
existing browser disclosures, the in-browser explanations of private browsing
mode, do not communicate the security goals of private browsing to users.
Participants critiqued the browser disclosures of three web browsers: Brave,
Firefox, and Google Chrome, and then designed new ones. We find that the user
interface of private mode in different web browsers violates several
well-established design guidelines and heuristics. Further, most participants
had incorrect mental models of private browsing, influencing their
understanding and usage of private mode. Additionally, we find that existing
browser disclosures are not only vague, but also misleading. None of the three
studied browser disclosures communicates or explains the primary security goal
of private browsing. Drawing from the results of our user study, we extract a
set of design recommendations that we encourage browser designers to validate,
in order to design more effective and informative browser disclosures related
to private mode
Pharmacokinetics of Clindamycin in Obese and Nonobese Children
ABSTRACT Although obesity is prevalent among children in the United States, pharmacokinetic (PK) data for obese children are limited. Clindamycin is a commonly used antibiotic that may require dose adjustment in obese children due to its lipophilic properties. We performed a clindamycin population PK analysis using data from three separate trials. A total of 420 samples from 220 children, 76 of whom had a body mass index greater than or equal to the 95th percentile for age, were included in the analysis. Compared to other metrics, total body weight (TBW) was the most robust measure of body size. The final model included TBW and a sigmoidal maturation relationship between postmenstrual age (PMA) and clearance (CL): CL (liters/hour) = 13.8 Ă (TBW/70) 0.75 Ă [PMA 2.83 /(39.5 2.83 +PMA 2.83 )]; volume of distribution ( V ) was associated with TBW, albumin (ALB), and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (AAG): V (liters) = 63.6 Ă (TBW/70) Ă (ALB/3.3) â0.83 Ă (AAG/2.4) â0.25 . After accounting for differences in TBW, obesity status did not explain additional interindividual variability in model parameters. Our findings support TBW-based dosing for obese and nonobese children
Digital play and the actualisation of the consumer imagination
In this article, the authors consider emerging consumer practices in digital virtual spaces. Building on constructions of consumer behavior as both a sense-making activity and a resource for the construction of daydreams, as well as anthropological readings of performance, the authors speculate that many performances during digital play are products of consumer fantasy. The authors develop an interpretation of the relationship between the real and the virtual that is better equipped to understand the movement between consumer daydreams and those practices actualized in the material and now also in digital virtual reality. The authors argue that digital virtual performances present opportunities for liminoid transformations through inversions, speculations, and playfulness acted out in aesthetic dramas. To illustrate, the authors consider specific examples of the theatrical productions available to consumers in digital spaces, highlighting the consumer imagination that feeds them, the performances they produce, and the potential for transformation in consumer-players
Mapping the disease-specific LupusQoL to the SF-6D
Purpose
To derive a mapping algorithm to predict SF-6D utility scores from the non-preference-based LupusQoL and test the performance of the developed algorithm on a separate independent validation data set.
Method
LupusQoL and SF-6D data were collected from 320 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) attending routine rheumatology outpatient appointments at seven centres in the UK. Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression was used to estimate models of increasing complexity in order to predict individualsâ SF-6D utility scores from their responses to the LupusQoL questionnaire. Model performance was judged on predictive ability through the size and pattern of prediction errors generated. The performance of the selected model was externally validated on an independent data set containing 113 female SLE patients who had again completed both the LupusQoL and SF-36 questionnaires.
Results
Four of the eight LupusQoL domains (physical health, pain, emotional health, and fatigue) were selected as dependent variables in the final model. Overall model fit was good, with R2 0.7219, MAE 0.0557, and RMSE 0.0706 when applied to the estimation data set, and R2 0.7431, MAE 0.0528, and RMSE 0.0663 when applied to the validation sample.
Conclusion
This study provides a method by which health state utility values can be estimated from patient responses to the non-preference-based LupusQoL, generalisable beyond the data set upon which it was estimated. Despite concerns over the use of OLS to develop mapping algorithms, we find this method to be suitable in this case due to the normality of the SF-6D data
Integrating whole-genome sequencing within the National Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program in the Philippines
Funding: This work was funded by the Newton Fund, Medical Research Council (UK) grant MR/N019296/1, Philippine Council for Health Research and Development project number FP160007. J.S. was partially supported by research grants RR025040 and U01CA207167 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). S.A. and D.M.A. were additionally supported by the National Institute for Health Research (UK) Global Health Research Unit on genomic Surveillance of AMR(16_136_111) and by the Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance (http://pathogensurveillance.net).National networks of laboratory-based surveillance of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitor resistance trends and disseminate these data to AMR stakeholders. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) can support surveillance by pinpointing resistance mechanisms and uncovering transmission patterns. However, genomic surveillance is rare in low- and middle-income countries. Here, we implement WGS within the established Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Program of the Philippines via a binational collaboration. In parallel, we characterize bacterial populations of key bug-drug combinations via a retrospective sequencing survey. By linking the resistance phenotypes to genomic data, we reveal the interplay of genetic lineages (strains), AMR mechanisms, and AMR vehicles underlying the expansion of specific resistance phenotypes that coincide with the growing carbapenem resistance rates observed since 2010. Our results enhance our understanding of the drivers of carbapenem resistance in the Philippines, while also serving as the genetic background to contextualize ongoing local prospective surveillance.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe
Prevalence of depression and anxiety in patients with cystic fibrosis and parent caregivers: results of The International Depression Epidemiological Study across nine countries
Background Individuals with chronic diseases and parent caregivers are at increased risk for symptoms of depression and anxiety. Prevalence of psychological symptoms was evaluated in adolescents and adults with cystic fibrosis (CF) and parent caregivers across nine countries.
Methods Patients with CF, ages 12 years and older, and caregivers of children with CF, birth to18 years of age, completed measures of depression and anxiety across 154 CF centres in Europe and the USA. Psychological symptoms were compared across countries using Ï2. Logistic regression examined extent of comorbid symptoms, predictors of depression and anxiety, and concordance between parent and adolescent symptomatology.
Results Psychological symptoms were reported by 6088 patients with CF and 4102 parents. Elevated symptoms of depression were found in 10% of adolescents, 19% of adults, 37% of mothers and 31% of fathers. Elevations in anxiety were found in 22% of adolescents, 32% of adults, 48% of mothers and 36% of fathers. Overall, elevations were 2â3 times those of community samples. Participants reporting elevated anxiety were more likely to report depression (ORs: adolescents=14.97, adults=13.64, mothers=15.52, fathers=9.20). Significant differences in reports of depression and anxiety were found by patient age and parent respondent. Concordance between 1122 parentâteen dyads indicated that adolescents whose parents reported depression were more likely to be elevated on depression (OR=2.32). Similarly, adolescents whose parents reported anxiety were more likely to score in the elevated range on the anxiety measure (OR=2.22).
Conclusions Symptoms of depression and anxiety were elevated in both patients with CF and parents across several European countries and the USA. Annual screening of psychological symptoms is recommended for both patients and parents
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Determining the pharmacokinetics of nicotinic drugs in the endoplasmic reticulum using biosensors
Nicotine dependence is thought to arise in part because nicotine permeates into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where it binds to nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) and begins an âinside-outâ pathway that leads to up-regulation of nAChRs on the plasma membrane. However, the dynamics of nicotine entry into the ER are unquantified. Here, we develop a family of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors for nicotine, termed iNicSnFRs. The iNicSnFRs are fusions between two proteins: a circularly permutated GFP and a periplasmic choline-/betaine-binding protein engineered to bind nicotine. The biosensors iNicSnFR3a and iNicSnFR3b respond to nicotine by increasing fluorescence at [nicotine] 75%. Reducing nicotine intake by 10-fold decreases activation to âŒ20%. iNicSnFR3a and iNicSnFR3b also sense the smoking cessation drug varenicline, revealing that varenicline also permeates into the ER within seconds. Our iNicSnFRs enable optical subcellular pharmacokinetics for nicotine and varenicline during an early event in the inside-out pathway
Development and Evolution of a Model Interprofessional Education Program in Parkinsonâs disease: A Ten-year Experience
OBJECTIVE This paper describes development, evolution and learner reactions in a model interprofessional education program for medical, nursing, physician assistant, occupational therapy, physical therapy, music therapy, social work and speech-language pathology practitioners. Sponsored by the National Parkinson Foundation (NPF) (currently Parkinsonâs Foundation), Allied Team Training for Parkinson (ATTP) is a U.S.-based multi-day interprofessional education program in best practices for integrated, interprofessional team-based Parkinsonâs disease (PD) care. NPF sponsored 26 ATTP trainings from 2003 to 2013. METHODS This mixed methods evaluation uses case study document review and observation to outline ATTP curriculum development, evolution, and implementation challenges. Learner-perceived effectiveness ratings, knowledge change, pre-post ratings on the Team Skills Scale, confidence in working with people with PD and caregivers, and trainee-reported practice changes at 6-month follow-up were collected. RESULTS Qualitative results identified multiple factors in building an effective interprofessional education program, including interprofessional team practice opportunities through case-based learning, engaging care networks and continuous feedback loops for program improvement. Quantitative results showed that trainees across professions, geographic regions and work settings rated the overall program and curriculum effectiveness, amount of new knowledge and knowledge change very highly. ATTP resulted in significant post-training improvement in team skills, confidence in working with PD, and post-training self-reported practice changes. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that ATTP is an effective interprofessional education program that could be replicated or adapted to other settings and neurodegenerative or chronic illnesses. The model of combining interprofessional team training with disease-specific curriculum content appears to be an effective ânext practiceâ in continuing professional development
DĂ©bat avec les responsables scientifiques de lâaxe 3
ValĂ©rie Carayol : Vous avez dit que « dans la mĂȘlĂ©e du direct, nous participons plutĂŽt que nous symbolisons » et que « lâinduction se vit au prĂ©sent ». Hier, avec Wolfgang Settekorn qui nous a parlĂ© de mĂ©taphorisations mutuelles avec des exemples visuels et avec Philippe Breton qui nous a parlĂ© dâamalgame, on avait dĂ©jĂ esquissĂ© un rapprochement entre lâinduction et les dynamiques spatiales, pas obligatoirement une dynamique temporelle. Est-ce que vous pourriez prĂ©ciser cette idĂ©e du direct, ..
The Wyoming Survey for H-alpha. III. A Multi-wavelength Look at Attenuation by Dust in Galaxies out to z~0.4
We report results from the Wyoming Survey for H-alpha (WySH), a comprehensive
four-square degree survey to probe the evolution of star-forming galaxies over
the latter half of the age of the Universe. We have supplemented the H-alpha
data from WySH with infrared data from the Spitzer Wide-area Infrared
Extragalactic (SWIRE) Survey and ultraviolet data from the Galaxy Evolution
Explorer (GALEX) Deep Imaging Survey. This dataset provides a multi-wavelength
look at the evolution of the attenuation by dust, and here we compare a
traditional measure of dust attenuation (L(TIR)/L(FUV)) to a diagnostic based
on a recently-developed robust star formation rate (SFR) indicator,
[H-alpha_obs+24-micron]/H-alpha_obs. With such data over multiple epochs, the
evolution in the attenuation by dust with redshift can be assessed. We present
results from the ELAIS-N1 and Lockman Hole regions at z~0.16, 0.24, 0.32 and
0.40. While the ensemble averages of both diagnostics are relatively constant
from epoch to epoch, each epoch individually exhibits a larger attenuation by
dust for higher star formation rates. Hence, an epoch to epoch comparison at a
fixed star formation rate suggests a mild decrease in dust attenuation with
redshift.Comment: 30 pages, 9 figure
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