Classificatie circulaire businessmodellen:een onderzoek naar bestaande en toekomstige vormen van waardecreatie- en behoud

De circulaire economie (CE) is een gedeeltelijk alternatief voor de bestaande lineaire economie en mag zich de afgelopen vijf jaar in een sterk groeiende politieke en economische aandacht verheugen. ▪ Kern van de CE is het organiseren van waardebehoud met als gevolg levensduurverlenging van producten, onderdelen en grondstoffen in kringlopen. ▪ Ambitie van de CE is een lagere negatieve impact, minder gebruik van ‘virgin’ materialen en een hogere gebruiksefficiëntie gedurende de gehele levenscyclus van producten, etc. ▪ In beginsel zou dit moeten leiden tot het kunnen gebruik van producten etc. in bestaande of refurbished vorm gedurende meerdere kringlopen. ▪ Organiseren van (een systeem van met elkaar samenhangende kringlopen vormen de centrale uitdaging. Dat realiseren leidt tot een systeemtransitie die complementair is aan een duurzame lineaire economie. ▪ Door het ministerie van EZK is in 2021 in het kader van het CESI programma onderzoek aanbesteed wat moet leiden tot een op de praktijkgerichte classificatie van bestaande en toekomstige businessmodellen voor de CE. ▪ Businessmodellen reiken de logica voor (strategische) organisatieconcepten om waardecreatie en –behoud vorm en inhoud te geven. Er is een scala aan concepten mogelijk. ▪ Onderzocht is welke businessmodellen voor de CE er (al) zijn en in hoeverre deze aansluiten bij ontwikkelingen rond toenemende producentenverantwoordelijkheid (UPV) en Producer Ownership (PO). ▪ De output van het onderzoek bestaat uit een classificatie van zeven basistypen circulaire businessmodellen (CBM), verdeeld over drie groepen (grondstoffen, gebruik en verantwoordelijkheid). Deze basistypen worden beschreven in kenniskaarten. ▪ Deze kenniskaarten vormen de basis voor een speciaal ontwikkelde QuickScan (te vinden op: https://circulairemaakindustrie.nl) en een interactieve applicatie (te vinden op: https://businessmodellab.nl/tools) ▪ Als output van dit onderzoek is er naast de Quickscan een korte video met toelichting en dit Whitepaper. Alle materialen zijn Open Access, dus vrij te gebruiken voor eenieder

QuickScan circulaire businessmodellen:inspiratie voor het organiseren van waardebehoud

Deze QuickScan biedt een aanpak om te komen tot het ontwikkelen van een circulair businessmodel. Zij richt zich primair op de maakindustrie, ook al is zij bruikbaar in andere sectoren. Zij bestaat uit drie delen: (1) een inleiding met een toelichting op achtergronden en centrale begrippen, (2) kenniskaarten van zeven businessmodellen die samen een classificatie vormen en (3) de feitelijke QuickScan. Het doorlopen van de QuickScan kost ongeveer 30 minuten. Ze is zo opgezet dat bij gebrek aan tijd de eerste twee delen zo nodig overgeslagen kunnen worden. De QuickScan bestaat in twee varianten: deze papieren variant en een interactieve variant via Business Model Lab. Extra tools om met circulaire businessmodellen aan de slag te gaan zijn te vinden op deze pagina van Business Model Lab. Het resultaat van de QuickScan bestaat uit drie delen: (1) een beknopte analyse waar u als organisatie staat als het gaat om duurzaam en circulair ondernemen; (2) het formuleren van uw ambitie voor de komende jaren; (3) een verkenning van het businessmodel dat daar het beste bij past

Dopamine receptor 4 promoter polymorphism modulates memory and neuronal responses to salience

Animal models and human functional imaging data implicate the dopamine system in mediating enhanced encoding of novel stimuli into human memory. A separate line of investigation suggests an association between a functional polymorphism in the promoter region for the human dopamine 4 receptor gene (DRD4) and sensitivity to novelty. We demonstrate, in two independent samples, that the -521Cmayor queT DRD4 promoter polymorphism determines the magnitude of human memory enhancement for contextually novel, perceptual oddball stimuli in an allele dose-dependent manner. The genotype-dependent memory enhancement conferred by the C allele is associated with increased neuronal responses during successful encoding of perceptual oddballs in the ventral striatum, an effect which is again allele dose-dependent. Furthermore, with repeated presentations of oddball stimuli, this memory advantage decreases, an effect mirrored by adaptation of activation in the hippocampus and substantia nigra/ventral tegmental area in C carriers only. Thus, a dynamic modulation of human memory enhancement for perceptually salient stimuli is associated with activation of a dopaminergic-hippocampal system, which is critically dependent on a functional polymorphism in the DRD4 promoter region

Biomarker-guided intervention to prevent acute kidney injury after major surgery (BigpAK-2 trial): study protocol for an international, prospective, randomised controlled multicentre trial

IntroductionPrevious studies demonstrated that the implementation of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guideline-based bundle, consisting of different supportive measures in patients at high risk for acute kidney injury (AKI), might reduce rate and severity of AKI after surgery. However, the effects of the care bundle in broader population of patients undergoing surgery require confirmation.Methods and analysisThe BigpAK-2 trial is an international, randomised, controlled, multicentre trial. The trial aims to enrol 1302 patients undergoing major surgery who are subsequently admitted to the intensive care or high dependency unit and are at high-risk for postoperative AKI as identified by urinary biomarkers (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2*insulin like growth factor binding protein 7 (TIMP-2)*IGFBP7)). Eligible patients will be randomised to receive either standard of care (control) or a KDIGO-based AKI care bundle (intervention). The primary endpoint is the incidence of moderate or severe AKI (stage 2 or 3) within 72 hours after surgery, according to the KDIGO 2012 criteria. Secondary endpoints include adherence to the KDIGO care bundle, occurrence and severity of any stage of AKI, change in biomarker values during 12 hours after initial measurement of (TIMP-2)*(IGFBP7), number of free days of mechanical ventilation and vasopressors, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), duration of RRT, renal recovery, 30-day and 60-day mortality, intensive care unit length-of-stay and hospital length-of-stay and major adverse kidney events. An add-on study will investigate blood and urine samples from recruited patients for immunological functions and kidney damage.Ethics and disseminationThe BigpAK-2 trial was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Münster and subsequently by the corresponding Ethics Committee of the participating sites. A study amendment was approved subsequently. In the UK, the trial was adopted as an NIHR portfolio study. Results will be disseminated widely and published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and will guide patient care and further research.Trial registration numberNCT04647396

Making translation work: Harmonizing cross-species methodology in the behavioural neuroscience of Pavlovian fear conditioning

Translational neuroscience bridges insights from specific mechanisms in rodents to complex functions in humans and is key to advance our general understanding of central nervous function. A prime example of translational research is the study of cross-species mechanisms that underlie responding to learned threats, by employing Pavlovian fear conditioning protocols in rodents and humans. Hitherto, evidence for (and critique of) these cross-species comparisons in fear conditioning research was based on theoretical viewpoints. Here, we provide a perspective to substantiate these theoretical concepts with empirical considerations of cross-species methodology. This meta-research perspective is expected to foster cross-species comparability and reproducibility to ultimately facilitate successful transfer of results from basic science into clinical applications

Structural brain abnormalities in the common epilepsies assessed in a worldwide ENIGMA study

Progressive functional decline in the epilepsies is largely unexplained. We formed the ENIGMA-Epilepsy consortium to understand factors that influence brain measures in epilepsy, pooling data from 24 research centres in 14 countries across Europe, North and South America, Asia, and Australia. Structural brain measures were extracted from MRI brain scans across 2149 individuals with epilepsy, divided into four epilepsy subgroups including idiopathic generalized epilepsies (n =367), mesial temporal lobe epilepsies with hippocampal sclerosis (MTLE; left, n = 415; right, n = 339), and all other epilepsies in aggregate (n = 1026), and compared to 1727 matched healthy controls. We ranked brain structures in order of greatest differences between patients and controls, by meta-Analysing effect sizes across 16 subcortical and 68 cortical brain regions. We also tested effects of duration of disease, age at onset, and age-by-diagnosis interactions on structural measures. We observed widespread patterns of altered subcortical volume and reduced cortical grey matter thickness. Compared to controls, all epilepsy groups showed lower volume in the right thalamus (Cohen's d = \uc3\ua2 '0.24 to \uc3\ua2 '0.73; P < 1.49 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '4), and lower thickness in the precentral gyri bilaterally (d = \uc3\ua2 '0.34 to \uc3\ua2 '0.52; P < 4.31 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '6). Both MTLE subgroups showed profound volume reduction in the ipsilateral hippocampus (d = \uc3\ua2 '1.73 to \uc3\ua2 '1.91, P < 1.4 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '19), and lower thickness in extrahippocampal cortical regions, including the precentral and paracentral gyri, compared to controls (d = \uc3\ua2 '0.36 to \uc3\ua2 '0.52; P < 1.49 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '4). Thickness differences of the ipsilateral temporopolar, parahippocampal, entorhinal, and fusiform gyri, contralateral pars triangularis, and bilateral precuneus, superior frontal and caudal middle frontal gyri were observed in left, but not right, MTLE (d = \uc3\ua2 '0.29 to \uc3\ua2 '0.54; P < 1.49 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '4). Contrastingly, thickness differences of the ipsilateral pars opercularis, and contralateral transverse temporal gyrus, were observed in right, but not left, MTLE (d = \uc3\ua2 '0.27 to \uc3\ua2 '0.51; P < 1.49 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '4). Lower subcortical volume and cortical thickness associated with a longer duration of epilepsy in the all-epilepsies, all-other-epilepsies, and right MTLE groups (beta, b < \uc3\ua2 '0.0018; P < 1.49 \uc3\u97 10 \uc3\ua2 '4). In the largest neuroimaging study of epilepsy to date, we provide information on the common epilepsies that could not be realistically acquired in any other way. Our study provides a robust ranking of brain measures that can be further targeted for study in genetic and neuropathological studies. This worldwide initiative identifies patterns of shared grey matter reduction across epilepsy syndromes, and distinctive abnormalities between epilepsy syndromes, which inform our understanding of epilepsy as a network disorder, and indicate that certain epilepsy syndromes involve more widespread structural compromise than previously assumed