Validation of an in situ model for the formationof non-disturbed oral biofilm

The aim of this Thesis was to validate the IDODS as an appropiate model for the formation of non-disturbed oral biofilm. Firstly, a systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify all in situ studies using a specific oral device and analysed oral biofilm microbiologically. In the following chapter, volunteers wore the device from 2 to 4 days. The characteristics (thickness, bacterial viability, covering grade and structure) of the biofilm formed on the device (PL-Biofilm) were analysed using the Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) in combination with LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™ staining solution and complemented with the Scanning Electron Microscope. The CLSM methodology was used to compare the PL-Biofilm versus the tooth-formed biofilm, as well as the antimicrobial activity of two oral antiseptic, (0.2 % of Chlorhexidine solution or Essential Oils), applied by two different methodologies. The 2-days PL-Biofilm and tooth-formed biofilm were also analysed by pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA gene. The influence of the tooth-brushing protocol during the experiment was analysed with both methodologies (CLSM and pyrosequencing).Based on the results from this Thesis, the IDODS seems to be an appropiate oral biofilm model to test intraorally the immediate effect and antiplaque effect of antiseptic solutions

The intraoral device of overlaid disk-holding splints as a new in situ oral biofilm model

Objectives: To design a device that allows the formation of in situ oral biofilm with similar characteristics to those from the dental plaque, overcoming the limitations of previous devices. Study Design: The Intraoral Device of Overlaid Disk-holding Splints (IDODS) was designed and manufactured. To test its validity, five healthy adult volunteers wore them for two and four days allowing the biofilm to grow without any type of distortion. After each period, the thickness, vitality and structure of the formed biofilm were measured with a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) in combination with a dual fluorescence solution. All volunteers filled out a Likert-type questionnaire to evaluate the device. Results: Mean bacterial vitality in the 2- and 4-day biofilms was 71% and 63%, respectively. Mean thicknesses were 21 µm and 28 µm, respectively. There was predominance in the open and heterogeneous structure whose complexity was ascending as the biofilm matured. The results obtained from the questionnaire were 2/5 in the influence in aesthetics, 3.4/5 in comfort, and 5/5 in ease of maintaining oral hygiene and withdrawal from the oral cavity . Conclusions: A biofilm with optimum characteristics was obtained by IDODS. Its use is associated with good aesthetic and comfort results and is absent of functional limitations, allowing optimal oral hygiene without altering the structure of the in situ oral biofilm

Técnicas de Geovisualización aplicadas al Paisaje Cultural y el Patrimonio: el caso de Atauta

La integración por un lado de la perspectiva espacial en el análisis del paisaje a través de conceptos escalares, territorio, ubicación, distancia, proximidad y lejanía, o elementos que lo configuran como objetos constructivos, vegetación..., y de otro lado el uso de las tecnologías de geovisualización y la información geográficamente referenciada, sirven de eje para abordar en el presente caso la investigación del BIC Conjunto Etnológico de bodegas de Atauta

Post-tooth extraction bacteraemia: a randomized clinical trial on the efficacy of chlorhexidine prophylaxis

Objectives: To investigate the development of post-extraction bacteraemia (PEB) after the prophylactic use of chlorhexidine (CHX). Patients and Methods: A total of 201 patients who underwent a tooth extraction were randomly distributed into four groups: 52 received no prophylaxis (CONTROL), 50 did a mouthwash with 0.2% CHX before the tooth extraction (CHX-MW), 51 did a mouthwash with 0.2% CHX and a subgingival irrigation with 1% CHX (CHX-MW/SUB_IR) and 48 did a mouthwash with 0.2% CHX and a continuous supragingival irrigation with 1% CHX (CHX-MW/SUPRA_IR). Peripheral venous blood samples were collected at baseline, 30 seconds after performing the mouthwash and the subgingival or supragingival irrigation, and at 30 seconds and 15 minutes after completion of the tooth extraction. Blood samples were analysed applying conventional microbiological cultures under aerobic and anaerobic conditions performing bacterial identification of the isolates. Results: The prevalences of PEB in the CONTROL, CHX-MW, CHX-MW/SUB_IR and CHX-MWSUPRA_IR groups were 52%, 50%, 55% and 50%, respectively, at 30 seconds and 23%, 4%, 10% and 27%, respectively, at 15 minutes. The prevalence of PEB at 15 minutes was significantly higher in the CONTROL group than in the CHX-MW group (23% versus 4%; p = 0.005). At the same time, no differences were found between CONTROL group and CHX-MW/SUB_IR or CHX-MW/SUPRA_IR groups. Streptococci (mostly viridans group streptococci) were the most frequently identified bacteria (69–79%). Conclusions: Performing a 0.2% CHX mouthwash significantly reduces the duration of PEB. Subgingival irrigation with 1% CHX didn’t increase the efficacy of the mouthwash while supragingival irrigation even decreased this efficacy, probably due to the influence of these maneuvers on the onset of bacteraemia. Clinical Relevance: These results confirm the suitability of performing a mouthwash with 0.2% CHX before tooth extractions in order to reduce the duration of PEB. This practice should perhaps be extended to all dental manipulationsThis work was supported by project PI11/01383 from Carlos III Institute of Health (General Division of Evaluation and Research Promotion, Madrid, Spain), which is integrated in National Plan of Research, Development and Innovation (PN I+D+I 2008–2011)S

Ex vivo vs. in vivo antibacterial activity of two antiseptics on oral biofilm

Aim: To compare the immediate antibacterial effect of two application methods (passive immersion and active mouthwash) of two antiseptic solutions on the in situ oral biofilm. Material and Methods: A randomized observer-masked crossover study was conducted. Fifteen healthy volunteers wore a specific intraoral device for 48 h to form a biofilm in three glass disks. One of these disks was used as a baseline; another one was immersed in a solution of 0.2% Chlorhexidine (0.2% CHX), remaining the third in the device, placed in the oral cavity, during the 0.2% CHX mouthwash application. After a 2-weeks washout period, the protocol was repeated using a solution of Essential Oils (EO). Samples were analyzed for bacterial viability with the confocal laser scanning microscope after previous staining with LIVE/DEAD® BacLight™. Results: The EO showed a better antibacterial effect compared to the 0.2% CHX after the mouthwash application (% of bacterial viability = 1.16 ± 1.00% vs. 5.08 ± 5.79%, respectively), and was more effective in all layers (p < 0.05). In the immersion, both antiseptics were significantly less effective (% of bacterial viability = 26.93 ± 13.11%, EO vs. 15.17 ± 6.14%, 0.2% CHX); in the case of EO immersion, there were no significant changes in the bacterial viability of the deepest layer in comparison with the baseline. Conclusions: The method of application conditioned the antibacterial activity of the 0.2% CHX and EO solutions on the in situ oral biofilm. The in vivo active mouthwash was more effective than the ex vivo passive immersion in both antiseptic solutions. There was more penetration of the antiseptic inside the biofilm with an active mouthwash, especially with the EO. Trial registered in clinicaltrials.gov with the number NCT02267239. URL: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02267239.This work was supported by project PI11/01383 from Carlos III Institute of Health (General Division of Evaluation and Research Promotion, Madrid, Spain), which is integrated in National Plan of Research, Development and Innovation (PN I+D+I 2008-2011). This project was cofinanced by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF 2007-2013)S

Evaluation of Clinical Factors Predictive of Diabetes Remission Following Bariatric Surgery

Bariatric surgery is an effective treatment for achieving significant weight loss and improving metabolic comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of our study was to investigate clinical factors related to T2DM remission in obese patients who had undergone bariatric surgery. Methods: A cohort of patients with T2DM and a minimum of class II obesity undergoing bariatric surgery had their clinical and anthropometric variables assessed. The statistical evaluation included multivariate analyses of clinical factors predicting a T2DM remission two years post-surgery. Results: 83 patients were included (mean age 44.13 +/- 10.38 years). Two years post-surgery, the percentage of excess weight lost was 63.43 +/- 18.59%, and T2DM was resolved in 79.5% of the patients. T2DM remission was directly related to a high body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.886; p = 0.022) and the absence of macro-vascular complications (OR: 34.667; p = 0.002), while it was inversely associated with T2DM with a duration longer than 5 years (OR: 0.022; p = 0.040) and baseline insulin treatment (OR: 0.001; p = 0.009). 15.6% of the patients presented early complications and 20.5% developed late complications. Conclusion: In our study sample, bariatric surgery proved to be an effective and safe technique for sustained medium-term weight loss and the resolution of T2DM. A higher baseline BMI, a shorter T2DM duration, non-insulin treatment, and the absence of macro-vascular complications are factors predictive of T2DM remission

Efeitos da aplicação de ácido fosfórico e microjato em adesivos autocondicionantes de um e dois passos

Introduction: the object of this research was to evaluate the microshearing strength of two self-etching adhesives: one-step and two-step on enamel, upon acid and microsandblasting. Methods: 40 recently pulled human third molars, which were filed down with 600 - 2500 and divided into two groups: 1) one step (n = 20); 2) two steps (n = 20); then they were divided into four subgroups, following the procedures (sa-sm: adhesive application according to the manufacturer; sa-m: upon microsandblasting and adhesive application; ca-sm: 37% phosphoric acid application and adhesive application; ca-m: microsandblasting, 37% phosphoric acid and adhesive). Then, three layers of tygon were applied on each surface. Microshearing test conducted. The data were analyzed with the D’Agostino normality test. Afterwards, the two-criteria Anova analysis was conducted and Bonferrini postest (α = 0.05). Results: for the two-step adhesive prior application of 37% phosphoric acid and/ or microsandblasting, there is no significant increase in the enamel adhesion strength values (p = 0,678). The application of 37% phosphoric acid on enamel before the one-step adhesive increases the strength values (p = 0,001). Conclusions: microsandblasting before the adhesive process does not help increase the enamel adhesion strength values; the application of phosphoric acid helps increase the enamel adhesion strength values.Resumen. Introducción: el objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la resistencia de unión a las fuerzas de microcizallamiento de dos adhesivos de autograbado: un solo paso y dos pasos en esmalte, previa aplicación de ácido y microarenado. Métodos: se utilizaron 40 terceros molares humanos, recientemente extraídos, fueron lijados con 600-2500 y divididos en dos grupos: 1) un paso (n = 20), 2) dos pasos (n = 20); a su vez, se subdividen en cuatro subgrupos, según el procedimiento (sa-sm: aplicación de adhesivo según fabricante, sa-m: previa aplicación de microarenado y adhesivo, ca-sm: aplicación de ácido fosfórico 37% y aplicación de adhesivo, ca-m: aplicación de microarenado, ácido fosfórico 37% y adhesivo). Posteriormente, fueron colocados de dos a tres cuerpos de tygon en cada superficie. Fue llevado a test de microcizallamiento. Los datos fueron analizados en test de normalidad D’Agostino. Después, se realizó Anova de dos criterios y postest Bonferrini(α = 0,05). Resultados: para el adhesivo de dos pasos previa aplicación de ácido fosfórico 37% o microarenado, no presenta aumento significativo de los valores de resistencia de unión en esmalte (p = 0,678). La aplicación de ácido fosfórico al 37% en esmalte previo al adhesivo un paso presenta aumento de los valores de resistenciade unión (p = 0,001). Conclusiones: el microarenado previo al proceso de adhesión no ayuda a aumentar los valores de resistencia de unión al esmalte; la aplicación de ácido fosfórico ayuda al aumento de los valores de resistencia de unión en esmalteIntrodução: o escopo desta investigação foi avaliar a resistência de união às forças de microcisalhamento de dois adesivos autocondicionantes: um passo e dois passos em esmalte, prévia aplicação de ácido e microjato. Métodos: foram utilizados 40 terceiros molares humanos, retirados recentemente, foram lixados com 600-2500 e divididos em dois grupos: 1) um passo (n = 20), 2) dois passos (n = 20); por sua vez, foram subdivididos em quatro subgrupos, de acordo com o procedimento (sa-sm: aplicação de adesivo de acordo com orientações do fabricante, sa-m: prévia aplicação de microjato e adesivo, ca-sm: aplicação de ácido fosfórico 37% e aplicação de adesivo, ca-m: aplicação de microjato, ácido fosfórico 37% e adesivo). Em seguida, foram colocados de dois a três tubos de&nbsp;Tygon em cada superfície. Foi levado teste de microcisalhamento. Os dados foram analisados em teste de normalidade D’Agostino. Depois, foi feita Anova de dois critérios e depois teste de Bonferrini (α = 0,05). Resultados: para o adesivo de dois passos prévia aplicação de ácido fosfórico 37% e/ ou microjato, não apresenta aumento significativo dos valores de resistência de união em esmalte&nbsp;(p = 0,678). A aplicação de ácido fosfórico a 37% em esmalte prévio ao adesivo de um passo apresenta um aumento dos valores de resistência de união (p=0,001). Conclusões: o microjato antes do processo de adesão não ajuda a aumentar os valores de resistência de união ao esmalte; a aplicação de ácido fosfórico ajuda ao aumento dos valores de resistência de união em esmalte

Galaxy clusters and groups in the ALHAMBRA Survey

We present a catalogue of 348 galaxy clusters and groups with $0.2<z<1.2$ selected in the 2.78 $deg^2$ ALHAMBRA Survey. The high precision of our photometric redshifts, close to $1\%$, and the wide spread of the seven ALHAMBRA pointings ensure that this catalogue has better mass sensitivity and is less affected by cosmic variance than comparable samples. The detection has been carried out with the Bayesian Cluster Finder (BCF), whose performance has been checked in ALHAMBRA-like light-cone mock catalogues. Great care has been taken to ensure that the observable properties of the mocks photometry accurately correspond to those of real catalogues. From our simulations, we expect to detect galaxy clusters and groups with both $70\%$ completeness and purity down to dark matter halo masses of $M_h\sim3\times10^{13}\rm M_{\odot}$ for $z<0.85$. Cluster redshifts are expected to be recovered with $\sim0.6\%$ precision for $z<1$. We also expect to measure cluster masses with $\sigma_{M_h|M^*_{CL}}\sim0.25-0.35\, dex$ precision down to $\sim3\times10^{13}\rm M_{\odot}$, masses which are $50\%$ smaller than those reached by similar work. We have compared these detections with previous optical, spectroscopic and X-rays work, finding an excellent agreement with the rates reported from the simulations. We have also explored the overall properties of these detections such as the presence of a colour-magnitude relation, the evolution of the photometric blue fraction and the clustering of these sources in the different ALHAMBRA fields. Despite the small numbers, we observe tentative evidence that, for a fixed stellar mass, the environment is playing a crucial role at lower redshifts (z$<$0.5).Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS. Catalogues and figures available online and under the following link: http://bascaso.net46.net/ALHAMBRA_clusters.htm

The impact from survey depth and resolution on the morphological classification of galaxies

We consistently analyse for the first time the impact of survey depth and spatial resolution on the most used morphological parameters for classifying galaxies through non-parametric methods: Abraham and Conselice-Bershady concentration indices, Gini, M20moment of light, asymmetry, and smoothness. Three different non-local data sets are used, Advanced Large Homogeneous Area Medium Band Redshift Astronomical (ALHAMBRA) and Subaru/XMMNewton Deep Survey (SXDS, examples of deep ground-based surveys), and Cosmos Evolution Survey (COSMOS, deep space-based survey). We used a sample of 3000 local, visually classified galaxies, measuring their morphological parameters at their real redshifts (z ~ 0). Then we simulated them to match the redshift and magnitude distributions of galaxies in the non-local surveys. The comparisons of the two sets allow us to put constraints on the use of each parameter for morphological classification and evaluate the effectiveness of the commonly used morphological diagnostic diagrams. All analysed parameters suffer from biases related to spatial resolution and depth, the impact of the former being much stronger. When including asymmetry and smoothness in classification diagrams, the noise effects must be taken into account carefully, especially for ground-based surveys. M20 is significantly affected, changing both the shape and range of its distribution at all brightness levels. We suggest that diagnostic diagrams based on 2-3 parameters should be avoided when classifying galaxies in ground-based surveys, independently of their brightness; for COSMOS they should be avoided for galaxies fainter than F814 = 23.0. These results can be applied directly to surveys similar to ALHAMBRA, SXDS and COSMOS, and also can serve as an upper/lower limit for shallower/deeper ones.MP acknowledge financial support from JAE-Doc programme of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), co-funded by the European Social Fund. This research was supported by the Junta de Andalucia through project TIC114, and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through projects AYA2010-15169, AYA2013-42227-P, and AYA2013-43188-P.Peer Reviewe