L’histoire en train de se faire

Dans un essai intitulé “Good Fences Make Good Neighbors” [Les bonnes clôtures font les bons voisins], Sally Stein considère le photomontage dans l’Amérique de l’entre-deux-guerres comme un phénomène marginal et expérimental, qui se manifeste dans un petit nombre de publications à partir du début des années 1930. Parmi ces anomalies, elle cite Eyes on the World, ouvrage publié par Simon and Schuster en 1935 qui, sur 296 pages de photomontage d’une grande densité graphique, réunit photographies, images de film, coupures de journaux, schémas, graphiques et dessins amusants provenant de 150 sources citées et reproduits sur une succession de doubles pages à bords perdus. Dans une note figurant en dernière page, Schuster laisse entendre que l’ouvrage, s’il rencontre le succès escompté, pourrait devenir une publication annuelle. Des notes internes de la maison d’édition (aujourd’hui conservées à Columbia) font également état de projets pour une deuxième édition, des versions traduites, des éditions spéciales et des accords avec des quotidiens. Si le photomontage à proprement parler n’a jamais pris racine aux États-Unis en tant que pratique artistique, Eyes on the World laisse penser que l’esprit du photomontage était dans l’air du temps sous d’autres formes. Mon propos est ici de montrer que le livre de Schuster est l’expression consciente d’une esthétique du montage qui était très présente dans la culture américaine de l’époque.In her essay ‘Good Fences Make Good Neighbors,’ Sally Stein frames American photomontage between the wars as a marginal and tentative practice, offset by a small number of books from the early 1930s. Stein cites Simon and Schuster’s 1935 publication Eyes on the World as one such anomaly. However, closer consideration of Eyes on the World reveals 296 pages of graphically dense photomontage, featuring photographs, film stills, newspaper clippings, charts, graphs, and cartoons culled from over 150 credited sources and reproduced as a series of intricately assembled full-bleed spreads. In a publisher’s note on the last page, Schuster hints that, if successful, the book might go serial on an annual basis, and earlier production notes from Columbia’s archive reveal his plans for a second edition, translated editions, subsequent special editions, and newspaper syndication. If photomontage never rooted in the United States as a literal artistic practice, Eyes on the World suggests that its spirit charged the air in other ways. My goal here is to position Schuster’s book as the conscious reformulation of a very real montage aesthetic pervasive in American culture at the time

L’histoire en train de se faire

Dans un essai intitulé “Good Fences Make Good Neighbors” [Les bonnes clôtures font les bons voisins], Sally Stein considère le photomontage dans l’Amérique de l’entre-deux-guerres comme un phénomène marginal et expérimental, qui se manifeste dans un petit nombre de publications à partir du début des années 1930. Parmi ces anomalies, elle cite Eyes on the World, ouvrage publié par Simon and Schuster en 1935 qui, sur 296 pages de photomontage d’une grande densité graphique, réunit photographies, images de film, coupures de journaux, schémas, graphiques et dessins amusants provenant de 150 sources citées et reproduits sur une succession de doubles pages à bords perdus. Dans une note figurant en dernière page, Schuster laisse entendre que l’ouvrage, s’il rencontre le succès escompté, pourrait devenir une publication annuelle. Des notes internes de la maison d’édition (aujourd’hui conservées à Columbia) font également état de projets pour une deuxième édition, des versions traduites, des éditions spéciales et des accords avec des quotidiens. Si le photomontage à proprement parler n’a jamais pris racine aux États-Unis en tant que pratique artistique, Eyes on the World laisse penser que l’esprit du photomontage était dans l’air du temps sous d’autres formes. Mon propos est ici de montrer que le livre de Schuster est l’expression consciente d’une esthétique du montage qui était très présente dans la culture américaine de l’époque.In her essay ‘Good Fences Make Good Neighbors,’ Sally Stein frames American photomontage between the wars as a marginal and tentative practice, offset by a small number of books from the early 1930s. Stein cites Simon and Schuster’s 1935 publication Eyes on the World as one such anomaly. However, closer consideration of Eyes on the World reveals 296 pages of graphically dense photomontage, featuring photographs, film stills, newspaper clippings, charts, graphs, and cartoons culled from over 150 credited sources and reproduced as a series of intricately assembled full-bleed spreads. In a publisher’s note on the last page, Schuster hints that, if successful, the book might go serial on an annual basis, and earlier production notes from Columbia’s archive reveal his plans for a second edition, translated editions, subsequent special editions, and newspaper syndication. If photomontage never rooted in the United States as a literal artistic practice, Eyes on the World suggests that its spirit charged the air in other ways. My goal here is to position Schuster’s book as the conscious reformulation of a very real montage aesthetic pervasive in American culture at the time

History in the Making

In her essay ‘Good Fences Make Good Neighbors,’ Sally Stein frames American photomontage between the wars as a marginal and tentative practice, offset by a small number of books from the early 1930s. Stein cites Simon and Schuster’s 1935 publication Eyes on the World as one such anomaly. However, closer consideration of Eyes on the World reveals 296 pages of graphically dense photomontage, featuring photographs, film stills, newspaper clippings, charts, graphs, and cartoons culled from over 150 credited sources and reproduced as a series of intricately assembled full-bleed spreads. In a publisher’s note on the last page, Schuster hints that, if successful, the book might go serial on an annual basis, and earlier production notes from Columbia’s archive reveal his plans for a second edition, translated editions, subsequent special editions, and newspaper syndication. If photomontage never rooted in the United States as a literal artistic practice, Eyes on the World suggests that its spirit charged the air in other ways. My goal here is to position Schuster’s book as the conscious reformulation of a very real montage aesthetic pervasive in American culture at the time

Exploring social-ecological trade-offs in fisheries using a coupled food web and human behavior model

Marine fisheries represent a social-ecological system driven by both complex ecological processes and human interactions. Ecosystem-based fisheries management requires an understanding of both the biological and social components, and management failure can occur when either are excluded. Despite the significance of both, most research has focused on characterizing biological uncertainty rather than on better understanding the impacts of human behavior because of the difficulty of incorporating human behavior into simulation models. In this study, we use the fisheries in Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island, USA) as a case study to demonstrate how coupled modeling can be used to represent interactions between the food web and fishers in a social-ecological system. Narragansett Bay holds both a commercial fishery for forage fish, i.e., Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) and a recreational fishery for their predators, i.e. striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix). To explore trade-offs between these two fisheries, we created a food web model and then coupled it to a recreational fishers’ behavior model, creating a dynamic social-ecological representation of the ecosystem. Fish biomass was projected until 2030 in both the stand-alone food web model and the coupled social-ecological model, with results highlighting how the incorporation of fisher behavior in modeling can lead to changes in the ecosystem. We examined how model outputs varied in response to three attributes: (1) the forage fish commercial harvest scenario, (2) the predatory (piscivorous) fish abundance-catch relationship in the recreational fishery, and (3) the rate at which recreational fishers become discouraged (termed “satisfaction loss”). Higher commercial harvest of forage fish led to lower piscivorous fish biomass but had minimal effects on the number of piscivorous fish caught recreationally or recreational fisher satisfaction. Both the abundance-catch relationship and satisfaction loss rate had notable effects on the fish biomass, the number of fish caught recreationally, and recreational fisher satisfaction. Currently, the lack of spatial and location-specific fisher behavior data limits the predictive use of our model. However, our modeling framework shows that fisher behavior can be successfully incorporated into a coupled social-ecological model through the use of agent-based modeling, and our results highlight that its inclusion can influence ecosystem dynamics. Because fisher decision making and the ecosystem can influence one another, social responses to changing ecosystems should be explicitly integrated into ecosystem modeling to improve ecosystem-based fisheries management efforts

Targeted hepatitis C antibody testing interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Testing for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may reduce the risk of liver-related morbidity, by facilitating earlier access to treatment and care. This review investigated the effectiveness of targeted testing interventions on HCV case detection, treatment uptake, and prevention of liver-related morbidity. A literature search identified studies published up to 2013 that compared a targeted HCV testing intervention (targeting individuals or groups at increased risk of HCV) with no targeted intervention, and results were synthesised using meta-analysis. Exposure to a targeted testing intervention, compared to no targeted intervention, was associated with increased cases detected [number of studies (n) = 14; pooled relative risk (RR) 1.7, 95 % CI 1.3, 2.2] and patients commencing therapy (n = 4; RR 3.3, 95 % CI 1.1, 10.0). Practitioner-based interventions increased test uptake and cases detected (n = 12; RR 3.5, 95 % CI 2.5, 4.8; and n = 10; RR 2.2, 95 % CI 1.4, 3.5, respectively), whereas media/information-based interventions were less effective (n = 4; RR 1.5, 95 % CI 0.7, 3.0; and n = 4; RR 1.3, 95 % CI 1.0, 1.6, respectively). This meta-analysis provides for the first time a quantitative assessment of targeted HCV testing interventions, demonstrating that these strategies were effective in diagnosing cases and increasing treatment uptake. Strategies involving practitioner-based interventions yielded the most favourable outcomes. It is recommended that testing should be targeted at and offered to individuals who are part of a population with high HCV prevalence, or who have a history of HCV risk behaviour

High prevalence of lipoatrophy in pre-pubertal South African children on antiretroviral therapy : a cross-sectional study

Publication of this article was funded by the Stellenbosch University Open Access Fund.The original publication is available at http://www.biomedcentral.com/bmcpediatrBackground: Despite changes in WHO guidelines, stavudine is still used extensively for treatment of pediatric HIV in the developing world. Lipoatrophy in sub-Saharan African children can be stigmatizing and have far-reaching consequences. The severity and extent of lipoatrophy in pre-pubertal children living in sub-Saharan Africa is unknown. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, children who were 3-12 years old, on antiretroviral therapy and pre-pubertal were recruited from a Family HIV Clinic in South Africa. Lipoatrophy was identified and graded by consensus between two HIV pediatricians using a standardized grading scale. A professional dietician performed formal dietary assessment and anthropometric measurements of trunk and limb fat. Previous antiretroviral exposures were recorded. In a Dual-Energy X-ray Absorbtiometry (DXA) substudy body composition was determined in 42 participants. Results: Among 100 recruits, the prevalence of visually obvious lipoatrophy was 36% (95% CI: 27%–45%). Anthropometry and DXA measurements corroborated the clinical diagnosis of lipoatrophy: Both confirmed significant, substantial extremity fat loss in children with visually obvious lipoatrophy, when adjusted for age and sex. Adjusted odds ratio for developing lipoatrophy was 1.9 (95% CI: 1.3 - 2.9) for each additional year of accumulated exposure to standard dose stavudine. Cumulative time on standard dose stavudine was significantly associated with reductions in biceps and triceps skin-fold thickness (p=0.008). Conclusions: The prevalence of visually obvious lipoatrophy in pre-pubertal South African children on antiretroviral therapy is high. The amount of stavudine that children are exposed to needs review. Resources are needed to enable low-and-middle-income countries to provide suitable pediatric-formulated alternatives to stavudine-based pediatric regimens. The standard stavudine dose for children may need to be reduced. Diagnosis of lipoatrophy at an early stage is important to allow timeous antiretroviral switching to arrest progression and avoid stigmatization. Diagnosis using visual grading requires training and experience, and DXA and comprehensive anthropometry are not commonly available. A simple objective screening tool is needed to identify early lipoatrophy in resourcelimited settings where specialized skills and equipment are not available.Stellenbosch University Open Access FundPublishers' versio

LSST: from Science Drivers to Reference Design and Anticipated Data Products

(Abridged) We describe here the most ambitious survey currently planned in the optical, the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST). A vast array of science will be enabled by a single wide-deep-fast sky survey, and LSST will have unique survey capability in the faint time domain. The LSST design is driven by four main science themes: probing dark energy and dark matter, taking an inventory of the Solar System, exploring the transient optical sky, and mapping the Milky Way. LSST will be a wide-field ground-based system sited at Cerro Pach\'{o}n in northern Chile. The telescope will have an 8.4 m (6.5 m effective) primary mirror, a 9.6 deg$^2$ field of view, and a 3.2 Gigapixel camera. The standard observing sequence will consist of pairs of 15-second exposures in a given field, with two such visits in each pointing in a given night. With these repeats, the LSST system is capable of imaging about 10,000 square degrees of sky in a single filter in three nights. The typical 5$\sigma$ point-source depth in a single visit in $r$ will be $\sim 24.5$ (AB). The project is in the construction phase and will begin regular survey operations by 2022. The survey area will be contained within 30,000 deg$^2$ with $\delta<+34.5^\circ$, and will be imaged multiple times in six bands, $ugrizy$, covering the wavelength range 320--1050 nm. About 90\% of the observing time will be devoted to a deep-wide-fast survey mode which will uniformly observe a 18,000 deg$^2$ region about 800 times (summed over all six bands) during the anticipated 10 years of operations, and yield a coadded map to $r\sim27.5$. The remaining 10\% of the observing time will be allocated to projects such as a Very Deep and Fast time domain survey. The goal is to make LSST data products, including a relational database of about 32 trillion observations of 40 billion objects, available to the public and scientists around the world.Comment: 57 pages, 32 color figures, version with high-resolution figures available from https://www.lsst.org/overvie

Effects of antiplatelet therapy on stroke risk by brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases: subgroup analyses of the RESTART randomised, open-label trial

Background Findings from the RESTART trial suggest that starting antiplatelet therapy might reduce the risk of recurrent symptomatic intracerebral haemorrhage compared with avoiding antiplatelet therapy. Brain imaging features of intracerebral haemorrhage and cerebral small vessel diseases (such as cerebral microbleeds) are associated with greater risks of recurrent intracerebral haemorrhage. We did subgroup analyses of the RESTART trial to explore whether these brain imaging features modify the effects of antiplatelet therapy