Barns lek i natur – i spennet fra selvutfoldelse til kontroll

I en 3-årig studie finansiert av Norges forskningsråds program Miljø 2015 (prosjektperiode 2012–2015) har vi i bred forstand undersøkt hvordan barn erfarer natur i dag. I denne artikkelen vil vi rette fokuset mot barns lek i natur, basert på erfaringer fra ulike delstudier. Delstudiene representerer ulik grad av og innhold i den voksne tilstedeværelsen. Det gjør at vi kan sette fokus både på barns mer frie og egeninitierte lek i natur og aktiviteter som i større grad er planlagt og styrt av voksne. Vi finner at barn gjennom selvstyrt lek stimuleres til en mer sanselig, emosjonell og kroppslig naturkontakt der naturomgivelsene utforskes på lekens premisser, enn når voksne mer aktivt er til stede. A 3-year project funded by The Research Council of Norway, Program Miljø 2015 (project period 2012– 2015) has examined how children experience nature today in different situations. In this paper we call attention to children’s free play in nature, based on various case-studies. They represent situations where adults have varying degrees of presence and also different roles for the children. This allows us to observe both situations where children are in free and self-initiated play and situations where adults guide and tightly look after the children. We find that children in free play are stimulated to a more sensuous, emotional and bodily interaction with nature, than situations when adults have more dominant presence and role.publishedVersio

Variations in IC50 Values with Purity of Mushroom Tyrosinase

The effects of various inhibitors on crude, commercial and partially purified commercial mushroom tyrosinase were examined by comparing IC50 values. Kojic acid, salicylhydroxamic acid, tropolone, methimazole, and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate had relatively similar IC50 values for the crude, commercial and partially purified enzyme. 4-Hexylresorcinol seemed to have a somewhat higher IC50 value using crude extracts, compared to commercial or purified tyrosinase. Some inhibitors (NaCl, esculetin, biphenol, phloridzin) showed variations in IC50 values between the enzyme samples. In contrast, hydroquinone, lysozyme, Zn2+, and anisaldehyde showed little or no inhibition in concentration ranges reported to be effective inhibitors. Organic solvents (DMSO and ethanol) had IC50 values that were similar for some of the tyrosinase samples. Depending of the source of tyrosinase and choice of inhibitor, variations in IC50 values were observed

Would loss to follow-up bias the outcome evaluation of patients operated for degenerative disorders of the lumbar spine?: A study of responding and non-responding cohort participants from a clinical spine surgery registry

Loss to follow-up may bias the outcome assessments of clinical registries. In this study, we wanted to determine whether outcomes were different in responding and non-responding patients who were included in a clinical spine surgery registry, at two years of follow-up. In addition, we wanted to identify risk factors for failure to respond. 633 patients who were operated for degenerative disorders of the lumbar spine were followed for 2 years using a local clinical spine registry. Those who did not attend the clinic and those who did not answer a postal questionnaire—for whom 2 years of outcome data were missing—and who would be lost to follow-up according to the standard procedures of the registry protocols, were defined as non-respondents. They were traced and interviewed by telephone. Outcome measures were: improvement in health-related quality of life (EQ-5D), leg pain, and back pain; and also general state of health, employment status, and perceived benefits of the operation. We found no statistically significant differences in outcome between respondents (78% of the patients) and nonrespondents (22%). Receipt of postal questionnaires (not being summoned for a follow-up visit) was the strongest risk factor for failure to respond. Forgetfulness appeared to be an important cause. Older patients and those who had complications were more likely to respond. Interpretation A loss to follow-up of 22% would not bias conclusions about overall treatment effects and, importantly, there were no indications of worse outcomes in non-respondents

Electrostatic phase separation: a review

The current understanding and developments in the electrostatic phase separation are reviewed. The literature covers predominantly two immiscible and inter-dispersed liquids following the last review on the topic some 15 years. Electrocoalescence kinetics and governing parameters, such as the applied field, liquid properties, drop shape and flow, are considered. The unfavorable effects, such as chain formation and partial coalescence, are discussed in detail. Moreover, the prospects of microfluidics platforms, non-uniform fields, coalescence on the dielectric surfaces to enhance the electrocoalescence rate are also considered. In addition to the electrocoalescence in water-in-oil emulsions the research in oil-in-oil coalescence is also discussed. Finally the studies in electrocoalescer development and commercial devices are also surveyed. The analysis of the literature reveals that the use of pulsed DC and AC electric fields is preferred over constant DC fields for efficient coalescence; but the selection of the optimum field frequency a priori is still not possible and requires further research. Some recent studies have helped to clarify important aspects of the process such as partial coalescence and drop–drop non-coalescence. On the other hand, some key phenomena such as thin film breakup and chain formation are still unclear. Some designs of inline electrocoalescers have recently been proposed; however with limited success: the inadequate knowledge of the underlying physics still prevents this technology from leaving the realm of empiricism and fully developing in one based on rigorous scientific methodology

Barns lek i natur – i spennet fra selvutfoldelse til kontroll

I en 3-årig studie finansiert av Norges forskningsråds program Miljø 2015 (prosjektperiode 2012–2015) har vi i bred forstand undersøkt hvordan barn erfarer natur i dag. I denne artikkelen vil vi rette fokuset mot barns lek i natur, basert på erfaringer fra ulike delstudier. Delstudiene representerer ulik grad av og innhold i den voksne tilstedeværelsen. Det gjør at vi kan sette fokus både på barns mer frie og egeninitierte lek i natur og aktiviteter som i større grad er planlagt og styrt av voksne. Vi finner at barn gjennom selvstyrt lek stimuleres til en mer sanselig, emosjonell og kroppslig naturkontakt der naturomgivelsene utforskes på lekens premisser, enn når voksne mer aktivt er til stede. A 3-year project funded by The Research Council of Norway, Program Miljø 2015 (project period 2012– 2015) has examined how children experience nature today in different situations. In this paper we call attention to children’s free play in nature, based on various case-studies. They represent situations where adults have varying degrees of presence and also different roles for the children. This allows us to observe both situations where children are in free and self-initiated play and situations where adults guide and tightly look after the children. We find that children in free play are stimulated to a more sensuous, emotional and bodily interaction with nature, than situations when adults have more dominant presence and role

Barns lek i natur – i spennet fra selvutfoldelse til kontroll

I en 3-årig studie finansiert av Norges forskningsråds program Miljø 2015 (prosjektperiode 2012–2015) har vi i bred forstand undersøkt hvordan barn erfarer natur i dag. I denne artikkelen vil vi rette fokuset mot barns lek i natur, basert på erfaringer fra ulike delstudier. Delstudiene representerer ulik grad av og innhold i den voksne tilstedeværelsen. Det gjør at vi kan sette fokus både på barns mer frie og egeninitierte lek i natur og aktiviteter som i større grad er planlagt og styrt av voksne. Vi finner at barn gjennom selvstyrt lek stimuleres til en mer sanselig, emosjonell og kroppslig naturkontakt der naturomgivelsene utforskes på lekens premisser, enn når voksne mer aktivt er til stede. A 3-year project funded by The Research Council of Norway, Program Miljø 2015 (project period 2012– 2015) has examined how children experience nature today in different situations. In this paper we call attention to children’s free play in nature, based on various case-studies. They represent situations where adults have varying degrees of presence and also different roles for the children. This allows us to observe both situations where children are in free and self-initiated play and situations where adults guide and tightly look after the children. We find that children in free play are stimulated to a more sensuous, emotional and bodily interaction with nature, than situations when adults have more dominant presence and role.acceptedVersio

Barns lek i natur – i spennet fra selvutfoldelse til kontroll

I en 3-årig studie finansiert av Norges forskningsråds program Miljø 2015 (prosjektperiode 2012–2015) har vi i bred forstand undersøkt hvordan barn erfarer natur i dag. I denne artikkelen vil vi rette fokuset mot barns lek i natur, basert på erfaringer fra ulike delstudier. Delstudiene representerer ulik grad av og innhold i den voksne tilstedeværelsen. Det gjør at vi kan sette fokus både på barns mer frie og egeninitierte lek i natur og aktiviteter som i større grad er planlagt og styrt av voksne. Vi finner at barn gjennom selvstyrt lek stimuleres til en mer sanselig, emosjonell og kroppslig naturkontakt der naturomgivelsene utforskes på lekens premisser, enn når voksne mer aktivt er til stede. A 3-year project funded by The Research Council of Norway, Program Miljø 2015 (project period 2012– 2015) has examined how children experience nature today in different situations. In this paper we call attention to children’s free play in nature, based on various case-studies. They represent situations where adults have varying degrees of presence and also different roles for the children. This allows us to observe both situations where children are in free and self-initiated play and situations where adults guide and tightly look after the children. We find that children in free play are stimulated to a more sensuous, emotional and bodily interaction with nature, than situations when adults have more dominant presence and role.acceptedVersio