Outer zone electrons

Spatial and temporal behavior of high energy trapped electrons in outer zone of magnetospher

Software to compute infinitesimal symmetries of exterior differenial systems, with applications

A description is given of a software package to compute symmetries of partial differential equations, using computer algebra. As an application, the computation of higher-order symmetries of the classical Boussinesq equation is given leading to the recursion operator for symmetries in a straightforward way. Nonlocal symmetries for the Federbush model are obtained yielding the linearization of the model

Diastereoselective synthesis of beta-aminosulfones from the 1,2-addition to N-(para-methoxyphenyl) imines

The base-promoted 1,2-addition of alkyl phenylsulfones to N-(para-methoxyphenyl) imines was investigated as a direct route to stereochemically defined β-aminosulfones. Using nBuLi as base, 2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethylbenzene was added to a range of N-(para-methoxyphenyl) imines to give β-aminosulfone products in high yields as single anti-diastereoisomers. Other less substituted alkyl phenylsulfones were not as successful

Stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-diamine containing indolines by a conjugate addition nitro-Mannich reaction.

A conjugate addition nitro-Mannich reaction followed by nitro reduction and intramolecular N-arylation gives diastereomerically pure substituted 1,2-diamine containing indolines. Placing the N-arylation cyclisation handle on the imine precursor derived from an ortho-bromine substituted aromatic aldehyde gave the corresponding β-nitroamines in 55-72% yields as single diastereoisomers. Nitro reduction was effected with modified quantities of Zn/HCl and a subsequent Pd(0) catalysed Buchwald Hartwig cyclisation gave indoline products in 40-70% yields as single diastereoisomers

Base-Controlled Diastereoselective Synthesis of Either anti- or syn-β-Aminonitriles

Deprotonation of secondary alkane nitriles with nBuLi and addition to aryl imines gives kinetic anti-β-aminonitriles. Use of LHMDS allows reversible protonation of the reaction intermediate to give syn-β-aminonitriles. The pure diastereosiomers can be isolated in good yields, and the mechanism was elucidated

Cavity QED with a Bose-Einstein condensate

Cavity quantum electrodynamics (cavity QED) describes the coherent interaction between matter and an electromagnetic field confined within a resonator structure, and is providing a useful platform for developing concepts in quantum information processing. By using high-quality resonators, a strong coupling regime can be reached experimentally in which atoms coherently exchange a photon with a single light-field mode many times before dissipation sets in. This has led to fundamental studies with both microwave and optical resonators. To meet the challenges posed by quantum state engineering and quantum information processing, recent experiments have focused on laser cooling and trapping of atoms inside an optical cavity. However, the tremendous degree of control over atomic gases achieved with Bose-Einstein condensation has so far not been used for cavity QED. Here we achieve the strong coupling of a Bose-Einstein condensate to the quantized field of an ultrahigh-finesse optical cavity and present a measurement of its eigenenergy spectrum. This is a conceptually new regime of cavity QED, in which all atoms occupy a single mode of a matter-wave field and couple identically to the light field, sharing a single excitation. This opens possibilities ranging from quantum communication to a wealth of new phenomena that can be expected in the many-body physics of quantum gases with cavity-mediated interactions.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures; version accepted for publication in Nature; updated Fig. 4; changed atom numbers due to new calibratio

Reductive conjugate addition nitro-Mannich route for the stereoselective synthesis of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalines

A concise, high yielding and structurally divergent synthesis of complex 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalines with excellent diastereoselectivity is described. A wide array of nitroalkenes and imines derived from commercially available aromatic aldehydes and 2-chloroanalines were subjected to a key reductive conjugate addition nitro-Mannich reaction to give diastereomerically pure β-nitro amines. Sequential reduction of the nitro function followed by Pd-catalyzed intramolecular N-arylation of the resultant primary amine onto the 2-chloroanailine gives highly substituted 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxalines. Non basic imines were found to participate better in the nitro-Mannich reaction if the stronger acid methanesulfonic acid was used to promote the reaction. The 3 step reaction sequence should be useful for the array synthesis of drug like scaffolds

High BMI is significantly associated with positive progesterone receptor status and clinico-pathological markers for non-aggressive disease in endometrial cancer

Background: Endometrial cancer incidence is increasing in industrialised countries. High body mass index (BMI, kg m−2) is associated with higher risk for disease. We wanted to investigate if BMI is related to clinico-pathological characteristics, hormone receptor status in primary tumour, and disease outcome in endometrial cancer. Patients and methods: In total, 1129 women primarily treated for endometrial carcinoma at Haukeland University Hospital during 1981–2009 were studied. Body mass index was available for 949 patients and related to comprehensive clinical and histopathological data, hormone receptor status in tumour, treatment, and follow-up. Results: High BMI was significantly associated with low International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage, endometrioid histology, low/intermediate grade, and high level of progesterone receptor (PR) mRNA by qPCR (n=150; P=0.02) and protein expression by immunohistochemistry (n=433; P=0.003). In contrast, oestrogen receptor (ERα) status was not associated with BMI. Overweight/obese women had significantly better disease-specific survival (DSS) than normal/underweight women in univariate analysis (P=0.035). In multivariate analysis of DSS adjusting for age, FIGO stage, histological subtype, and grade, BMI showed no independent prognostic impact. Conclusion: High BMI was significantly associated with markers of non-aggressive disease and positive PR status in a large population-based study of endometrial carcinoma. Women with high BMI had significantly better prognosis in univariate analysis of DSS, an effect that disappeared in multivariate analysis adjusting for established prognostic markers. The role of PR in endometrial carcinogenesis needs to be further studied

Standard of civilization, nomadism and territoriality in nineteenth-century international society

In this chapter, the encounter between the Russian Empire and the nomads of the Eurasian steppe in the nineteenth century is analyzed using the theoretical framework of the standard of civilization. The creation of the Westphalian state-model in Europe in the seventeenth century, linked to the later emergence of the notion of the standard of civilization led to the ‘othering’ of the nomads of the Eurasian steppe as barbarians, as a threat to the borders of civilized Europe. The chapter presents also an argument to define ‘territoriality’ as not only an institution of international society of the time but also as a distinctive quality and requirement for being considered ‘civilized’. In this analytical framework, the nomads become the ‘other’, the ‘alien’, the ‘menace’, onto which projections of rationality and modernity were cast in order to prevent threats to Russia’s European and civilized identity. The chapter sheds light on the encounter between ‘fixed’ and ‘mobile’ units in the course of expansion of international society; contextualizes the role played by nomadic tribes in resisting the application of Westphalian spatial categories in the Eurasian space; and scrutinizes what the role of nomads was in constructing a European, civilized identity.PostprintPeer reviewe

Maternal Arterial Stiffness in Women Who Subsequently Develop Pre-Eclampsia

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Pre-eclampsia (PE) is associated with profound changes in the maternal cardiovascular system. The aim of the present study was to assess whether alterations in the maternal arterial stiffness precede the onset of PE in at risk women. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: This was a cross sectional study involving 70 pregnant women with normal and 70 women with abnormal uterine artery Doppler examination at 22-24 weeks of gestation. All women had their arterial stiffness (augmentation index and pulse wave velocity of the carotid-femoral and carotid-radial parts of the arterial tree) assessed by applanation tonometry in the second trimester of pregnancy, at the time of the uterine artery Doppler imaging. Among the 140 women participating in the study 29 developed PE (PE group) and 111 did not (non-PE group). Compared to the non-PE group, women that developed PE had higher central systolic (94.9 ± 8.6 mmHg vs 104.3 ± 11.1 mmHg; p  =  < 0.01) and diastolic (64.0 ± 6.0 vs 72.4 ± 9.1; p < 0.01) blood pressures. All the arterial stiffness indices were adjusted for possible confounders and expressed as multiples of the median (MoM) of the non-PE group. The adjusted median augmentation index was similar between the two groups (p  =  0.84). The adjusted median pulse wave velocities were higher in the PE group compared to the non-PE group (carotid-femoral: 1.10 ± 0.14 MoMs vs 0.99 ± 0.11 MoMs; p < 0.01 and carotid-radial: 1.08 ± 0.12 MoMs vs 1.0 ± 0.11 MoMs; p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Increased maternal arterial stiffness, as assessed by pulse wave velocity, predates the development of PE in at risk women