Puffing Away Parental Rights: A Survey and Analysis of Whether Secondhand Smoke Exposure is Child Abuse

The steps taken thus far to protect children in public areas, custody cases, and in vehicles show the legislature\u27s awareness of the chemical harms of secondhand smoke for children. This article will analyze those steps and discuss what they mean for both parents\u27 and children\u27s constitutional rights. This article proposes that the legislature take a vital fourth step by including secondhand smoke exposure in child abuse laws. Section II of this article provides the history of smoking tobacco and its transition from a trendy social status to an unpopular, harmful habit. Section II also introduces the steps that have been taken so far to protect children from secondhand smoke. Section III, Part A discusses how and why there has never been a successful constitutional argument against smoking bans. Section III, Part B looks further into the three steps that courts and legislators have already taken to protect children from secondhand smoke and how those steps are constitutionally permissible. Section III, Part C discusses whether courts and legislators can apply the same constitutional basis of existing statutes to take the next step and interpret child abuse statutes to include secondhand smoke exposure

Examining the motivations and benefits of student-athletes performing community service.

With over 460,000 active student-athletes (NCAA, n.d.), the student sub-population is large enough to investigate potential options for institutions to increase their academic achievement. Additionally, participating in academic-related activities is especially important because of concerns about student-athletes spending more than the 20 hours per week the NCAA allows for working on their sport (Wolverton, 2008). Studies frequently highlight a lack of effort by student-athletes to adjust to academic opportunities and expectations within higher education (Adler & Adler, 1991; Lally & Kerr, 2005; Levine, Etchison, & Oppenheimer, 2014; Miller & Kerr, 2003). To combat this adjustment to higher education, community service has shown the ability for students to develop academically after their service experience (Astin & Sax, 1998). The primary purposes of this study were threefold: to examine (a) the motivation of student-athletes to perform community service, (b) the benefits they receive from community service, and (c) the association of their level of athletic identity with the student-athletes’ motivation and benefits received. Five hundred and forty-six participants from 17 different NCAA Division I/II/III institutions completed the survey. After making theoretically acceptable adjustments to the measurement model, an acceptable model fit was achieved (CMIN/df = 4.114, CFI = .954, GFI = .951, AGFI = .916, RMSEA = .076). Also, all factor loadings were above the .50 threshold recommended by Kline (2011) for large factor loadings for CFA. Participant results confirmed the first hypothesis (Standardized Direct Effect = .840, p \u3c .001) from the structural model results. As stated previously, this means for every 1 standard deviation increase in CSM, there was a corresponding increase in CSB by .840 standard deviations. Contrary, the participant results did not confirm the second (Standardized Direct Effect = .064, p = .226) and third hypothesis (Standardized Direct Effect = -.043, p = .207) from the structural model. This study’s findings provide further insight into the relationship between Astin’s (1984) Student Involvement Theory and the athletic academic experience, in additional to valuable insight for athletic administrators and coaches for supporting student-athletes to perform community service

Examining the motivations and benefits of student-athletes performing community service.

With over 460,000 active student-athletes (NCAA, n.d.), the student sub-population is large enough to investigate potential options for institutions to increase their academic achievement. Additionally, participating in academic-related activities is especially important because of concerns about student-athletes spending more than the 20 hours per week the NCAA allows for working on their sport (Wolverton, 2008). Studies frequently highlight a lack of effort by student-athletes to adjust to academic opportunities and expectations within higher education (Adler & Adler, 1991; Lally & Kerr, 2005; Levine, Etchison, & Oppenheimer, 2014; Miller & Kerr, 2003). To combat this adjustment to higher education, community service has shown the ability for students to develop academically after their service experience (Astin & Sax, 1998). The primary purposes of this study were threefold: to examine (a) the motivation of student-athletes to perform community service, (b) the benefits they receive from community service, and (c) the association of their level of athletic identity with the student-athletes’ motivation and benefits received. Five hundred and forty-six participants from 17 different NCAA Division I/II/III institutions completed the survey. After making theoretically acceptable adjustments to the measurement model, an acceptable model fit was achieved (CMIN/df = 4.114, CFI = .954, GFI = .951, AGFI = .916, RMSEA = .076). Also, all factor loadings were above the .50 threshold recommended by Kline (2011) for large factor loadings for CFA. Participant results confirmed the first hypothesis (Standardized Direct Effect = .840, p \u3c .001) from the structural model results. As stated previously, this means for every 1 standard deviation increase in CSM, there was a corresponding increase in CSB by .840 standard deviations. Contrary, the participant results did not confirm the second (Standardized Direct Effect = .064, p = .226) and third hypothesis (Standardized Direct Effect = -.043, p = .207) from the structural model. This study’s findings provide further insight into the relationship between Astin’s (1984) Student Involvement Theory and the athletic academic experience, in additional to valuable insight for athletic administrators and coaches for supporting student-athletes to perform community service

Are athletes addicted to their identity? The development and validation of the Athletic Identity Addiction (AIA) scale

The purpose of this study was to develop a reliable and valid instrument for assessing the extent to which athletic identity is related to the tenets of addiction. Specifically, it was investigated whether athletes experience a behavioral addiction regarding their participation and involvement in sport. A total of 576 athletes (118 student-athletes, 458 former student-athletes) were included within a two-phase study. The first phase focused on crafting and testing the instrument, while the second phase refining the instrument for validity and reliability. Results indicated a four-factor solution comprising the Athletic Identity Addiction (AIA) scale: (1) mood alteration, (2) withdrawal, (3) life conflict, and (4) relapse. Concerns within the EFA led us to remove salience and tolerance before reaching the final model. Each of the four factors established within AIA is substantiated by previous studies outlining challenges faced by athletes. This research provides insight into deep seeded issues of athletic identity, indicating the importance of sport managers’ developing appropriate means for aiding athletes in transitioning from elite sport participation. Findings also provide future, alternative perspectives for researchers to examine athletic identity

The Relationship Between Athletic Identity and Academic Major Chosen by Student-Athletes

International Journal of Exercise Science 10(6): 915-925, 2017. This study examines the correlation between athletic identity and academic major selection among intercollegiate student-athletes. A thorough review of literature focusing on academic clustering, athletic identity, and academic development leads to the development of two hypotheses – 1) student-athletes with stronger athletic identity will have a declared major of decreased academic rigor; and 2) student-athletes with stronger athletic identity will be more likely to be undecided on their major. Data were collected through a survey administered to Division I, II, and III student-athletes recording academic major and their Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS). After analyzing the student responses, Hypothesis I is supported, while Hypothesis II is met with some limitation that leads to a lack of statistical significance. Overall, this study sheds light on a connection between academic choice and athletic identit

Education Through Athletics: An Examination of Academic Courses Designed for NCAA Athletes

Fundamental to the union of athletics and the academy is an underlying theoretical premise of education through athletics. Despite an organizational union of varsity athletics and American higher education, athletics is commonly viewed as extracurricular, tangential, or a detractor from the educational mission of the academy, and athletics-centric curricula have historically not been viewed as worthy of academic credit despite documented educational benefits. Through survey of a stratifiedrandom sample of National Collegiate Athletics Association (NCAA) Division I, II, and III athletic academic advisors (n = 240), this exploratory study examined the prevalence, design, and institutional perceptions of classes offered exclusively for varsity athletes. Results indicate roughly 1/3 of sample schools facilitate athletecentric academic opportunities, with the majority of courses being 1st semester transition, physical education, or leadership courses. Academic opportunities for athletes were greatest in western, public, and Division I institutions

Discriminant validity of the positive and negative processes in the C–A–P Questionnaire

Globally, youth sport is highly valued and prevalent. Coaches, athletes, and parents are the main players. To date no one measure quantifies these vital interactions. To rectify this surprising omission, the Positive and Negative Processes in the C–A–P Questionnaire (PNPCAP) was developed in the Lithuanian language. This study sought to further the development of the PNPCAP by providing evidence for discriminant validity. To achieve this purpose, 192 females (M age = 13.64, SD = 1.59) and 239 males (M age = 14.02, SD = 1.50) completed the PNPCAP measure along with the Perceptions of Success Questionnaire, Sport Climate Questionnaire, Self-Determination Scale and provided some youth sport participation information. The resultant correlation matrix provided evidence of discriminant validity as the pattern verified the hypothesized relationship in that positive and significant correlations were found with the C–A–P positive process scale and the task orientation, self-determined awareness of self and perceived choice, and perceived autonomy support. Negative and significant correlations were found with the C–A–P negative process scale and the task orientation, self-determined awareness of self and perceived choice, and perceived autonomy support. Researchers are encouraged to translate and use the PNPCAP in youth sport settings to better the youth sport experience for athletes and their parents and coaches.This Project/Research was funded by the European Social Fund (Project No. 09.3.3-LMT-K-712-02-0083)

Crystallography in Drug Design

Crystallography is traditionally one of the monitoring methods used in pharmaceutical industry. X-ray powder diffraction allows fast analysis of individual chemicals and their mixtures. Crystallography considers the habit of a given compound and its internal structure (crystalline, amorphous), and it gives a detailed description of polymorphism, molecular adducts, enantiomorphism, etc. Hazards of teratogenic activity of some drugs led to the inclusion of molecular structure, as determined by X-ray methods, into the list of standard characteristics demanded by the Drug Master Files. More recently, crystallography has also taken an active role in drug design. Atomic coordinates of thousands of bioactive molecules are now available from the Cambridge Structural Databank, Protein Data Bank and other files. This information is a good starting point for mechanistic drug design, especially if the structures of the effector and of the target are already known on the atomic level. However, structural information about the target molecule is frequently unavailable. In the case of enzyme-target, advantage can be taken of the fact that enzymes with similar functions often retain similar structural features and catalytic sites and may be modelled by using the structural information from a known enzyme. Receptor-target molecules represent a more difficult problem because they are larger and frequently membrane-associated. However, a knowledge of the effector structure is a good tool for mapping an active site of the receptor. Crystallography, in combination with other methods (NMR, IR, 3-D graphics, etc.) makes it possible to deal with such an ambitious problem in this field

Tvorba časoprostorové databáze území

Diplomová práce se zabývá návrhem a tvorbou časoprostorové databáze území. Navržená časoprostorová databáze území je určena pro data velkých a středních měřítek a slouží k ukládání geografických dat s časovou složkou. Geografická data jsou uložena v jednotné struktuře a v jednotné harmonizované klasifikaci. Prvky zájmu jsou objekty land cover / land use, které vhodně popisují situaci v území v době, kdy byla data aktuální. V práci je navržen datový model pro časoprostorovou databázi území, navržena jednotná klasifikace objektů a časoprostorová databáze území je implementována, dále naplněna vybranými sadami dat a byly provedeny ukázkové analýzy dat.ObhájenoThe diploma thesis focuses on the design and development of a spatio-temporal database of territory. The proposed spatio-temporal database is designed for large and medium scale geographic data and it is used to store geographic data with a temporal component in a uniform structure and in a harmonized classification. Features of interest are land cover/land use objects, which appropriately describe the situation in the territory at the moment when the data are up-to-date. In this thesis, a data model for the spatio-temporal database of the region is designed, a unified classification of objects is developed, and the spatio-temporal database of the territory is implemented, pilot data are imported and example analyses tested

Nutrition for recreation athletes

Název práce: Výživa pro rekreační sportovce Cíl práce: Hlavním cílem této práce je shrnutí dostupných faktů o výživě. Snahou je zaměřit se na problematiku výživy u lidí, kteří se sportem neživí ani jej neprovozují na vrcholné úrovni, přesto jej praktikují pro svůj dobrý duševní pocit či udržení stálé hranice fyzické kondice. Cílem je vyčlenit určité zásady a možnosti využití různých prostředků výživy k lepšímu zúročení sportovního výkonu. Metody: Za účelem dosažení nejobjektivnějších výsledků a naplnění cílů této bakalářské práce jsem zvolil metodu rešerše odpovídající literatury, a to především na základě sběru, třídění a vyhodnocení relevantních informací. Klíčová slova: výživa, pohyb, zdraví, pohybové aktivity, životní stylTitle Nutrition for recreation atlethes The aim of bachelor thesis: The main objection of this bachelor thesis is a summary of the available facts about nutrition. The aim of the work is oriented for nutrition problems of people who don't make their living by doing sport, nor are top-level sportsmen, though practice a sport for their good sense and mental boundaries to maintain a permanent physical condition. The main goal is to earmark some principles and possibilities of using various means of nutrition for better reaping sports performance and results. Methods: In order to achieve the most objective results and objectives of this thesis, I selected the appropriate method of research of corresponding literature, mainly based on the collection, sorting and evaluating relevant information. Keywords: nutrition, exercise, health, physical activity, lifestyleLaboratoř sportovní motorikyFaculty of Physical Education and SportFakulta tělesné výchovy a sport