The Continuing Education of Public Officials in the Space Era

Because of rapidly changing knowledge, technology, and urbanization there is a need for local public officials to increase their knowledge of government and to learn of new procedures to solve new problems. Private industry expects their personnel to continue to learn and these industries make provision for time and resources for their employees to continue to improve their skills. Local government has been lacking in this philosophy as well as lacking in the practical provision of time and resources for such activities. However, a survey of public officials\u27 continuing education activities in east central Florida revealed that an overwhelming majority of the public officials felt that additional educational opportunities to assist the public officials should be provided by associations of governmental officials, the Florida State University system and the junior colleges. Furthermore, a large majority of the public officials in east central Florida appear to be willing to participate in educational activities that will help them in their official duties. If these results are representative of attitudes of public officials across the nation, educational institutions are faced with the challenge and responsibility of providing for these educational needs. Florida State University\u27s Urban Research Center and a voluntary organization of public officials in east central Florida are cooperatively laboring to develop meaningful educational activities for public officials. in the region and this program may provide a useful model for other states and institutions

A Conceptual Framework for Post Entry Education of Public Administrators

Platitudes and insults are equally conspicuous in the history of local government. It has been labeled as the kitchen of democracy by some and described as the most corrupt and inefficient level of government in America by others . Yet, one consistently used descriptive word appears in contemporary literature to characterize local government. That word is, trouble. While there is little disagreement that limited qualified manpower is contributing to the difficulties being experienced by local government there is even less disagreement on another point; that local government must be maintained and improved if the federal system of government is to be made secure. Therefore, it is surprising that so little attention has been directed toward the development of a systematic procedure to provide the manpower skills that local government drastically needs. Perhaps the situation exists because only recently have the joint influence of federal sponsored programs and the increasing problems of urbanization combined in such force to reveal the strain being placed on the skills of local public administrators. However, now that local government has been revealed to be in short supply of skilled public administrators at almost every level, from the chief executive to the first line supervisor, perhaps greater attention can be focused on the development of a framework to provide post entry education for local public administrators

A Study of Visual Fixation

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The Role of Higher Education in Lifelong Learning

Contemporary society can ill-afford education institutions that fail to nurture attitudes favorable to lifelong learning

Stromal control of oncogenic traits expressed in response to the overexpression of GLI2, a pleiotropic oncogene.

Hedgehog signaling is often activated in tumors, yet it remains unclear how GLI2, a transcription factor activated by this pathway, acts as an oncogene. We show that GLI2 is a pleiotropic oncogene. The overexpression induces genomic instability and blocks differentiation, likely mediated in part by enhanced expression of the stem cell gene SOX2. GLI2 also induces transforming growth factor (TGF)B1-dependent transdifferentiation of foreskin and tongue, but not gingival fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, creating an environment permissive for invasion by keratinocytes, which are in various stages of differentiation having downregulated GLI2. Thus, upregulated GLI2 expression is sufficient to induce a number of the acquired characteristics of tumor cells; however, the stroma, in a tissue-specific manner, determines whether certain GLI2 oncogenic traits are expressed

Modeling chemistry in and above snow at Summit, Greenland – Part 1: Model description and results

Sun-lit snow is increasingly recognized as a chemical reactor that plays an active role in uptake, transformation, and release of atmospheric trace gases. Snow is known to influence boundary layer air on a local scale, and given the large global surface coverage of snow may also be significant on regional and global scales. We present a new detailed one-dimensional snow chemistry module that has been coupled to the 1-D atmospheric boundary layer model MISTRA. The new 1-D snow module, which is dynamically coupled to the overlaying atmospheric model, includes heat transport in the snowpack, molecular diffusion, and wind pumping of gases in the interstitial air. The model includes gas phase chemical reactions both in the interstitial air and the atmosphere. Heterogeneous and multiphase chemistry on atmospheric aerosol is considered explicitly. The chemical interaction of interstitial air with snow grains is simulated assuming chemistry in a liquid-like layer (LLL) on the grain surface. The coupled model, referred to as MISTRA-SNOW, was used to investigate snow as the source of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and gas phase reactive bromine in the atmospheric boundary layer in the remote snow covered Arctic (over the Greenland ice sheet) as well as to investigate the link between halogen cycling and ozone depletion that has been observed in interstitial air. The model is validated using data taken 10 June–13 June, 2008 as part of the Greenland Summit Halogen-HOx experiment (GSHOX). The model predicts that reactions involving bromide and nitrate impurities in the surface snow can sustain atmospheric NO and BrO mixing ratios measured at Summit, Greenland during this period

Bayesian analysis of the low-resolution polarized 3-year WMAP sky maps

We apply a previously developed Gibbs sampling framework to the foreground corrected 3-yr WMAP polarization data and compute the power spectrum and residual foreground template amplitude posterior distributions. We first analyze the co-added Q- and V-band data, and compare our results to the likelihood code published by the WMAP team. We find good agreement, and thus verify the numerics and data processing steps of both approaches. However, we also analyze the Q- and V-bands separately, allowing for non-zero EB cross-correlations and including two individual foreground template amplitudes tracing synchrotron and dust emission. In these analyses, we find tentative evidence of systematics: The foreground tracers correlate with each of the Q- and V-band sky maps individually, although not with the co-added QV map; there is a noticeable negative EB cross-correlation at l <~ 16 in the V-band map; and finally, when relaxing the constraints on EB and BB, noticeable differences are observed between the marginalized band powers in the Q- and V-bands. Further studies of these features are imperative, given the importance of the low-l EE spectrum on the optical depth of reionization tau and the spectral index of scalar perturbations n_s.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to ApJ