[Review of] Carolyn Gilman and Mary Jane Schneider. The Way to Independence: Memories of a Hidatsa Indian Family, 1840-1920

In the early 1800s, when Lewis and Clark visited the Hidatsas, they lived at the mouth of the Knife River with their close allies the Mandans. The estimated 2,000 Hidatsas farmed the fertile valleys and lived in villages overlooking the river. But in 1837, smallpox struck these village dwellers and diminished their numbers by half. The remainder of Hidatsas and Mandans decided to leave their homes and journey north, settling in Like-a-Fishhook village. In 1885, the Hidatsas moved again, this time settling in Independence, North Dakota

Sexual selection on song and cuticular hydrocarbons in two distinct populations of Drosophila montana

Sexual selection has the potential to contribute to population divergence and speciation. Most studies of sexual selection in Drosophila have concentrated on a single signaling modality, usually either courtship song or cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs), which can act as contact pheromones. We have examined the relationship between both signal types and reproductive success using F1–3 offspring of wild- collected flies, raised in the lab. We used two populations of the Holarctic species Drosophila montana that represent different phylogeographic clades that have been separate for ca. 0.5 million years (MY), and differ to some extent in both traits. Here, we characterize the nature and identify the targets of sexual selection on song, CHCs, and both traits combined within the populations. Three measures of courtship outcome were used as fitness proxies. They were the probability of mating, mating latency, and the production of rejection song by females, and showed patterns of association with different traits that included both linear and quadratic selection. Courtship song predicted courtship outcome better than CHCs and the signal modalities acted in an additive rather than synergistic manner. Selection was generally consistent in direction and strength between the two populations and favored males that sang more vigorously. Sexual selection differed in the extent, strength, and nature on some of the traits between populations. However, the differences in the directionality of selection detected were not a good predictor of population differences. In addition, a character previously shown to be important for species recognition, interpulse interval, was found to be under sexual selection. Our results highlight the complexity of understanding the relationship between within-population sexual selection and population differences. Sexual selection alone cannot predict differences between populations.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Sementtivalimon sähkösaneeraus

Tämän opinnäytetyön tarkoituksena oli luoda sähkösuunnitelma Jämijärven sementtiva-limo Oy:n saneerausta varten. Sementtivalimon sähkölaitteet olivat vanhentuneet eivätkä laitteet täyttäneet nykytarpeita. Sementtivalimo rakennettiin vuosina 1969–1970, ja suurimmaksi osaksi sähköistyskin on tältä ajalta. Tarkoituksena oli luoda sähkösuunni-telma ja suuntaa antava hinta-arvio tulevaisuudessa mahdollisesti suoritettavaan laitteis-ton saneeraamiseen. Sementtivalimon betonimassaa sekoittava moottori ei kykene tuottamaan tarpeeksi vääntömomenttia, jotta se käynnistyisi täydellä kuormalla. Betonimassaa sekoitettaessa on tarpeellista, että moottorin pyörimisnopeutta voitaisiin säätää. Nykyisellä asennuk-sella ei pyörimisnopeutta voida säätää. Myös tärypöytien moottorit tarvitsivat pyörimis-nopeuden säätömahdollisuuden. Hallin valaistus on riittämätön, joten se suunnitellaan nykyisten standardien mukaiseksi. Halliin tulisi työpisteitä, joiden ansiosta työmukavuus parantuisi. Opinnäytetyössä päädyttiin käyttämään nykyisiä moottoreita ja lisäämään näille taa-juusmuuttajat. Taajuusmuuttajien avulla saadaan säädettyä moottorien pyörimisnopeuk-sia sekä hyödynnettyä moottorin nimellinen vääntömomentti sen koko kierrosalueella. Lisäksi opinnäytetyössä tultiin siihen lopputulokseen, että valaistus uusitaan sekä pisto-rasiakeskuksia lisätään hallin eri pisteisiin. Muutosten tuloksena pitäisi pääliittymän kokoa suurentaa. Saneerauksen kustannuslaskelma on vain arvio, koska työntilaaja päät-tää saneerauksen kohteet.The purpose of this thesis was to create a preliminary plan for the electrical renovation of a cement works, Jämijärven Sementtivalimo Ltd. The electrical equipment is from the late 1960’s to early 1970’s and they do not meet the present needs. The cement works was built between 1969 and 1970. The aim was to make a new electrical plan and price calculation for the changes which would be done if the cement work is going to be renewed. Cement works motor that mixes concrete mass, will not create sufficient torque to start at full load. There is not speed-adjustment for the motor. It is also necessary to get a fully speed-adjustable system for this motor. The vibrating tables need also speed-adjusting. The Lightning is insufficient. The lighting will be designed to meet current standards. Cement work will be added to working stations to make working more con-venient. The current motors were used in this thesis. All motors should be added with an AC drive which allows the user to adjust the running speed of the motor. The AC drive also helps to gain the nominal torque of motors at any running speed. The lightning of the main cement works should be renewed. The main fuses have to be replaced, due to the bigger power need that new electrical equipment consumes. The estimate of the renova-tion is only preliminary, because final equipment changes are made by the client

Signals of demographic expansion in Drosophila virilis

BACKGROUND: The pattern of genetic variation within and among populations of a species is strongly affected by its phylogeographic history. Analyses based on putatively neutral markers provide data from which past events, such as population expansions and colonizations, can be inferred. Drosophila virilis is a cosmopolitan species belonging to the virilis group, where divergence times between different phylads go back to the early Miocene. We analysed mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among 35 Drosophila virilis strains covering the species' range in order to detect demographic events that could be used to understand the present characteristics of the species, as well as its differences from other members of the group. RESULTS: Drosophila virilis showed very low nucleotide diversity with haplotypes distributed in a star-like network, consistent with a recent world-wide exponential expansion possibly associated either with domestication or post-glacial colonization. All analyses point towards a rapid population expansion. Coalescence models support this interpretation. The central haplotype in the network, which could be interpreted as ancestral, is widely distributed and gives no information about the geographical origin of the population expansion. The species showed no geographic structure in the distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes, in contrast to results of a recent microsatellite-based analysis. CONCLUSION: The lack of geographic structure and the star-like topology depicted by the D. virilis haplotypes indicate a pattern of global demographic expansion, probably related to human movements, although this interpretation cannot be distinguished from a selective sweep in the mitochondrial DNA until nuclear sequence data become available. The particular behavioural traits of this species, including weak species-discrimination and intraspecific mate choice exercised by the females, can be understood from this perspective

Long-term genomic coevolution of host-parasite interaction in the natural environment

Antagonistic coevolution of parasite infectivity and host resistance may alter the biological functionality of species, yet these dynamics in nature are still poorly understood. Here we show the molecular details of a long-term phage-bacterium arms race in the environment. Bacteria (Flavobacterium columnare) are generally resistant to phages from the past and susceptible to phages isolated in years after bacterial isolation. Bacterial resistance selects for increased phage infectivity and host range, which is also associated with expansion of phage genome size. We identified two CRISPR loci in the bacterial host: a type II-C locus and a type VI-B locus. While maintaining a core set of conserved spacers, phage-matching spacers appear in the variable ends of both loci over time. The spacers mostly target the terminal end of the phage genomes, which also exhibit the most variation across time, resulting in arms-race-like changes in the protospacers of the coevolving phage population.Peer reviewe

Signals of demographic expansion in Drosophila virilis

Background. The pattern of genetic variation within and among populations of a species is strongly affected by its phylogeographic history. Analyses based on putatively neutral markers provide data from which past events, such as population expansions and colonizations, can be inferred. Drosophila virilis is a cosmopolitan species belonging to the virilis group, where divergence times between different phylads go back to the early Miocene. We analysed mitochondrial DNA sequence variation among 35 Drosophila virilis strains covering the species' range in order to detect demographic events that could be used to understand the present characteristics of the species, as well as its differences from other members of the group. Results. Drosophila virilis showed very low nucleotide diversity with haplotypes distributed in a star-like network, consistent with a recent world-wide exponential expansion possibly associated either with domestication or post-glacial colonization. All analyses point towards a rapid population expansion. Coalescence models support this interpretation. The central haplotype in the network, which could be interpreted as ancestral, is widely distributed and gives no information about the geographical origin of the population expansion. The species showed no geographic structure in the distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes, in contrast to results of a recent microsatellite-based analysis. Conclusion. The lack of geographic structure and the star-like topology depicted by the D. virilis haplotypes indicate a pattern of global demographic expansion, probably related to human movements, although this interpretation cannot be distinguished from a selective sweep in the mitochondrial DNA until nuclear sequence data become available. The particular behavioural traits of this species, including weak species-discrimination and intraspecific mate choice exercised by the females, can be understood from this perspective.peerReviewe

DISSOLUTION AND MINERALIZATION CHARACTERIZATION OF BIOACTIVE GLASS CERAMIC CONTAINING ENDODONTIC SEALER GUTTAFLOW BIOSEAL

Aim of the study was to evaluate apatite-forming ability and ion dissolution of bioactive glass-ceramic (BGC) particles from novel polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) based endodontic sealer Guttaflow Bioseal. Firstly, water sorption and solubility were determined for Guttaflow 2 and Guttaflow Bioseal (GB), the latter containing BGC filler particles. Mineral precipitations in simulated body fluid (SBF) were observed with SEM/EDX. Ion-release from the sealer was determined with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in Tris-buffer solution. Change of pH was measured also after 14 days. The obtained data was statistically analyzed with Tukey’s HSD test (p<0.05). GB exhibited significantly higher water sorption and solubility in comparison with Guttaflow 2. Surface structure exposed particles of BGC in the PDMS matrix. The BGC particles (size of 20–40 μm) indicated to consist of CaO-SiO2-Na2O-ZrO2-P2O5. Morphologically spherical Ca/P precipitation formed after 3 days in the SBF on the sealer surface. Ca/P ratio of the precipitation ranged in 1.20–1.65 indicating transformation to hydroxyapatite (HA). The pH of the immersion solution rose gradually

The History Highway - A 21st Century Guide To Internet Resources

The Internet represents an astounding historical transformation in the acquisition of knowledge and exchange of information. According to the Central Intelligence Agency, there were over one million Internet users in the world in 2005, over twenty percent of them in the United States alone. The number of Web pages is growing so fast that it is impossible to give any reliable figures; the best estimates suggest more than eight million. lt is impossible for educators to ignore these developments; instead, we are better off to embrace the resources available. To help us make sense of the dizzying maze of the Internet comes The History Highway

Serving The Nation: Cherokee Sovereignty And Social Welfare, 1800-1907

Citizen and Nation: Cherokee Welfare Reconsidered In Serving the Nation, Julie Reed, assistant professor of history at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, examines how the Cherokees debated and devised social policies within the Cherokee Nation over the course of the nineteenth century....