「中国の脅威」を解剖する : インドと日本の認識変化の分析

安全保障・国際問題プログラム / Security and International Studies Program政策研究大学院大学 / National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies論文審査委員: 道下 徳成（主査）, 白石 隆, 恒川 惠市, 植木 千可子(早稲田大学大学院アジア太平洋研究科教授), 園部 哲史, 広瀬 崇子（専修大学法学部教授

Eye Contact in Leisure Video Conferencing

The concept of presence refers to the sensation of being in a physically distinct location. Presence with respect to video conferencing refers to feeling as if together with the remote user rather than being conscious of the actual separation by distance. Eye contact plays an essential role in communication as it conveys additional nonverbal messages of the conversation. In video mediated distance communication eye contact is prevented due to the offset of the camera position to the user’s gaze. In defiance of the imposed restriction, enabling eye contact in video mediated communication was the approach taken to improve presence in video conferencing. A particular focus was placed on private rather than professional video conferencing. The proposed solutions include a software based solution founded upon image processing techniques and a hardware based solution founded upon teleprompter technology. Two experiments were conducted to test the performance of the systems. The first experiment was designed to measure the sense of presence within each solution, comparing them to the conventional situation where the camera is placed on top of the screen without correcting gaze. Evaluation of the results of the first experiment demonstrated that the solutions generated a significantly greater perception of eye contact than the conventional setup. The perceived eye contact was rated as an improvement by the majority of the participants. However we could not verify that enabling eye contact improves the sense of presence with respect to the conventional situation. This will require further experimental research. The second experiment was designed to measure the difference in sense of presence between the solutions. Evaluation of the results established the conclusion that the hardware solution induced a greater sense of presence than the software solution. Albeit both systems would profit from adjustments and improvements, both acquired positive feedback and showed great potential

Voluntad de verdad y principio de veracidad en el apredizaje. Una conversación entre Descartes, Rancière y Deleuze

Se trata, en este artículo, de carear las filosofías de la educación de René Descartes, Jacques Rancière y Gilles Deleuze para poder analizar cierta «imagen» del aprender. Lo que se propone en este trabajo es, en gran parte, dar cuenta del modo en que cada pensador problematiza la relación entre la voluntad y la verdad en el aprendizaje, y, así, ver si es posible pensar el aprender de otra forma que como un pasaje del no-saber al saber.Palabras clave: voluntad, verdad, aprender, Descartes, Rancière, Deleuze.AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to bring René Descartes, Jacques Rancière and Gilles Deleuze’s philosophies of education face to face in order to analyze a certain «image» of learning. What is proposed in this work is, mainly, to report the way in which each thinker problematizes the relation between will and truth in learning, and therefore to see if it is possible to think learning in another way than as a passage from ignorance to knowledge.Keywords: will, truth, learning, Descartes, Rancière, Deleuze.</p

Oral polio vaccine response in the MAL-ED birth cohort study: Considerations for polio eradication strategies

Background: Immunization programs have leveraged decades of research to maximize oral polio vaccine (OPV) response. Moving toward global poliovirus eradication, the WHO recommended phased OPV-to-IPV replacement on schedules in 2012. Using the MAL-ED prospective birth cohort data, we evaluated the influence of early life exposures impacting OPV immunization by measuring OPV response for serotypes 1 and 3.Methods: Polio neutralizing antibody assays were conducted at 7 and 15 months of age for serotypes 1 and 3. Analyses were conducted on children receiving ≥3 OPV doses (n = 1449). History of vaccination, feeding patterns, physical growth, home environment, diarrhea, enteropathogen detection, and gut inflammation were examined as risk factors for non-response [Log2(titer) \u3c 3] and Log2(titer) by serotype using multivariate regression.Findings: Serotype 1 seroconversion was significantly higher than serotype 3 (96.6% vs. 89.6%, 15 months). Model results indicate serotypes 1 and 3 failure was minimized following four and six OPV doses, respectively; however, enteropathogen detection and poor socioeconomic conditions attenuated response in both serotypes. At three months of age, bacterial detection in stool reduced serotype 1 and 3 Log2 titers by 0.34 (95% CI 0.14–0.54) and 0.53 (95% CI 0.29–0.77), respectively, and increased odds of serotype 3 failure by 3.0 (95% CI 1.6–5.8). Our socioeconomic index, consisting of Water, Assets, Maternal education, and Income (WAMI), was associated with a 0.79 (95% CI 0.15–1.43) and 1.23 (95% CI 0.34–2.12) higher serotype 1 and 3 Log2 titer, respectively, and a 0.04 (95% CI 0.002–0.40) lower odds of serotype 3 failure. Introduction of solids, transferrin receptor, and underweight were differentially associated with serotype response. Other factors, including diarrheal frequency and breastfeeding practices, were not associated with OPV response.Interpretation: Under real-world conditions, improved vaccination coverage and socio-environmental conditions, and reducing early life bacterial exposures are key to improving OPV response and should inform polio eradication strategies

Causal Pathways from Enteropathogens to Environmental Enteropathy: Findings from the MAL-ED Birth Cohort Study

Background Environmental enteropathy (EE), the adverse impact of frequent and numerous enteric infections on the gut resulting in a state of persistent immune activation and altered permeability, has been proposed as a key determinant of growth failure in children in low- and middle-income populations. A theory-driven systems model to critically evaluate pathways through which enteropathogens, gut permeability, and intestinal and systemic inflammation affect child growth was conducted within the framework of the Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) birth cohort study that included children from eight countries. Methods Non-diarrheal stool samples (N = 22,846) from 1253 children from multiple sites were evaluated for a panel of 40 enteropathogens and fecal concentrations of myeloperoxidase, alpha-1-antitrypsin, and neopterin. Among these same children, urinary lactulose:mannitol (L:M) (N = 6363) and plasma alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) (N = 2797) were also measured. The temporal sampling design was used to create a directed acyclic graph of proposed mechanistic pathways between enteropathogen detection in non-diarrheal stools, biomarkers of intestinal permeability and inflammation, systemic inflammation and change in length- and weight- for age in children 0–2 years of age. Findings Children in these populations had frequent enteric infections and high levels of both intestinal and systemic inflammation. Higher burdens of enteropathogens, especially those categorized as being enteroinvasive or causing mucosal disruption, were associated with elevated biomarker concentrations of gut and systemic inflammation and, via these associations, indirectly associated with both reduced linear and ponderal growth. Evidence for the association with reduced linear growth was stronger for systemic inflammation than for gut inflammation; the opposite was true of reduced ponderal growth. Although Giardia was associated with reduced growth, the association was not mediated by any of the biomarkers evaluated. Interpretation The large quantity of empirical evidence contributing to this analysis supports the conceptual model of EE. The effects of EE on growth faltering in young children were small, but multiple mechanistic pathways underlying the attribution of growth failure to asymptomatic enteric infections had statistical support in the analysis. The strongest evidence for EE was the association between enteropathogens and linear growth mediated through systemic inflammation

Un caso de adamantinoma (ameloblastoma) en un bovino adulto. Estudio clínico, radiológico e histopatológico

Una vaca de nueve años de edad, fue ingresada en la Policlínica Veterinaria de la Universidad del Zulia por presentar una gran masa, firme y redondeada en la parte anterior de la mandíbula, con protusión y fractura de los dientes incisivos. La masa media 46 cm de circunferencia y su superficie cubierta de mucosa gingival, presentaba algunas cavernas producidas por larvas de moscas. Radiológicamente se observaron lesiones multilacunares o poliquísticas en el interior de la masa; con presencia de tejido óseo neoformado, pérdida de la estructura alveolar dentaria normal, y posición muy irregular de los dientes incisivos. Al examen histopatológico se visualizo un neoplasma constituido por células epiteliales columnares formando islotes y cordones, en cuyo centro existía un estroma conectivo laxo con células estrelladas con degeneración quística y diferenciación escamosa. El estroma de soporte fue de tejido conectivo laxo organizado en relación con el grado de diferenciación de los nidos epiteliales. Todos estos hallazgos correspondieron con el diagnostico de adamantinoma (ameloblastoma), el cual es un tumor odontogénico muy raro en animales domésticos. Â

Development of a national strategy for palliative care

INTRODUCTION. In 2020, the Danish National Audit Office (Rigsrevisionen) criticised the Danish palliative care (PC) provision. The Board of the Danish Association for Palliative Medicine (DSPaM) recognised an urgent need for a national strategy to improve PC in Denmark. The Board wished to develop a strategy which ensured acceptance and legitimation internationally and within the DSPaM. The aim of this study was to describe the development of the DSPaM ‘National strategy of palliative care for patients with life-threatening diseases’. METHODS. The Cicely Saunders International (CSI) action plan, ‘You matter because you are you, an action plan for better palliative care,’ seemed applicable because of its extensive, evidence-based content. A thorough translation and cultural adaptation were followed by group discussions and a Delphi process among DSPaM members. RESULTS. The Delphi process underwent eight editions before the final version was approved by the DSPaM Board in January 2024. A total of 36% of the members participated in the group discussions in January 2022. The response rates were 43% in the first and 62.8% in the second survey, with a final average member agreement of 92.7%. The main differences were that the CSI action plan mentions COVID-19 pandemic and patient empowerment, whereas the Danish strategy document refers to socially vulnerable patients. CONCLUSIONS. A Danish strategy document for PC was developed through a Delphi process involving the DSPaM members. The Danish strategy document was approved by a large majority of DSPaM members, thus providing a solid ground for a common national strategy for PC in Denmark.</p