Poner una pica vallisoletana en Flandes: reclutamiento y costes del transporte de tropas a los Paises Bajos (1665-1700)

Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XVII las rutas militares hacia los Países Bajos evolucionaron, pasando a ser marítimas, algo que colocará a Valladolid en el camino a Flandes. En tierras vallisoletanas se efectuaron numerosos reclutamientos durante este periodo, algo que ha sido estudiado en este articulo. Igualmente se han analizado los costes del reclutamiento y transporte, para poder así valorar las dificultades de reclutar un soldado en Valladolid y enviarlo a los Países Bajos, e intentar averiguar hasta que punto era complicado "poner una pica en Flandes".During the second half of the 17th century the military routes to the Low Countries evolved, becoming maritime, which placed Valladolid on the road to Flanders. In Valladolid numerous recruitments were made during this period, which had been studied in this article. It has also analyzed the costs of recruitment and transportation, so we can appreciate the difficulties of recruiting a soldier in Valladolid and sending him to the Netherlands, to find out to what extent it was difficult "to put a pike in Flanders"

Re-parenting your elders? transference from older patients

Transference is a phenomenon of paramount importance in psychodynamic and psychoanalytic therapy. However, when a young therapist treats a middle-aged or elderly patient, a distinct kind of transference can be expected to occur. Transference that occurs between a patient and his/her younger therapist could have particular implications for therapy. A focus group of clinicians from these perspectives who have treated patients older than themselves was formed in the aim of understanding these particularities and the way they could inform therapy. Results, although still preliminary, appear to indicate the existence of a type of transference from younger past figures that ought to be explored in more depth. This type of transference appears to offer valuable advantages to the therapeutic process of patients from that age group. These advantages consist of the possibility of performing transference analysis on patients whose traumatic past has put in place defenses that are best not questioned because their personality could deconstruct; and the possibility of the patients learning, through the resolution of transference-neurosis, to better relate to the younger people in their lives.La transferencia es un fenómeno de importancia capital en la terapia psicoanalítica y psicodinámica. Cuando un terapeuta joven trata un paciente de mediana o avanzada edad, sin embargo, se puede esperar la ocurrencia de un tipo de transferencia especial. La transferencia que ocurre entre un paciente y su terapeuta, más joven que él, podría tener implicaciones particulares para la terapia. Un grupo focal conformado por cinco integrantes de las perspectivas psicológicas psicoanalítica y psicodinámica que han tenido pacientes de mayor edad que ellos fue realizado con el objetivo de entender estas particularidades y cómo podrían informar la terapia. Los resultados, aun cuando siguen siendo preliminares, parecen indicar la existencia de un tipo de transferencia con figuras del pasado más jóvenes que convendría explorar más a fondo. Esta transferencia parece ofrecer valiosas ventajas al proceso terapéutico con pacientes de este grupo de edad. Estas ventajas son la posibilidad de realizar análisis de la transferencia en pacientes cuyo pasado traumático ha activado defensas que es mejor no cuestionar puesto que la personalidad podría desestructurarse; y la posibilidad de que los pacientes aprendan, a través de la neurosis de transferencia, a relacionarse mejor con las personas jóvenes que hay en su vida

Titanium scaffolds with multi-scale porosity obtained by controlled chemical and electrochemical treatments of porous solids from PM space holder technique

Junta de Andalucía (Spain) / FEDER (EU), through the project Ref. P12-TEP-140

Estudio del riesgo. Análisis multifactorial, multinivel y multifactorial

Se expone la Ecuaciòn general de riesgo como una nueva propuesta tèorica y base metodològicaEl presente trabajo presenta una ecuación conceptual y metodológica para el estudio del riesgo que es soportada por argumentos establecidos en la teoría sistémica, la expresión razonada que se exhibe es desagregada en cinco funciones básicas que la componen: la del geosistema perturbador, la componente humana, la del territorio, la sistémica y por último la gestión del riesgo. La integración de variables y el análisis de funcionalidad en el tiempo y espacio muestran que la naturaleza del riesgo tiende a ser caótica por incluir diferentes elementos en niveles de integración, tiempo y función disímiles

Interest in STEM disciplines and teaching methodologies : perception of secondary school students and preservice teachers

The paper addresses the lack of interest that Secondary Education students display towards the academic disciplines of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). From the pedagogical standpoint, the origin of this problem may lie largely in the way these subjects have predominantly been taught, i.e. using expository strategies. The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to examine the retrospective perception that preservice teachers recall about the methodologies used for teaching STEM disciplines, coupled with analysis of the value these teachers give to a number of innovative activities used to encourage interest among their future students. A second objective was to compare those perceptions with a sample of high school students' assessment of the actual activities their teachers used in STEM disciplines. Our results revealed the predominance of traditional teaching activities in both teachers and students, although the perception of this is slightly lower among students. Practical and applied activities in laboratories and first-hand knowledge of technoscientific work were perceived as the most interesting activities, although teachers used these less frequently than other activities. Conclusions are aligned with the achievement of a range of varied and innovate learning opportunities seeking a more engaging way of teaching STEM.L'article aborda la manca d'interès que els estudiants d'educació secundària mostren perles disciplines acadèmiques de ciència, tecnologia, enginyeria i matemàtiques (STEM).Des del punt de vista pedagògic, l'origen d'aquest problema pot situar-se en gran manera en la forma com tradicionalment s'ha tendit a ensenyar aquestes matèries. És a dir, mitjançant un predomini d'estratègies expositives. L'objectiu d'aquest article és doble: primer, examinar la percepció retrospectiva que els docents en formació recorden sobre les metodologies utilitzades per ensenyar les disciplines STEM, juntament amb l'anàlisi del valor que aquests docents donen a un seguit d'activitats innovadores que s'utilitzarien per encoratjar l'interès dels seus futurs estudiants. El segon objectiu va comportar comparar aquestes percepcions amb l'avaluació d'una mostra d'estudiants de secundària sobre les activitats que els seus mestres feien servir en les disciplines STEM. Els resultats revelen un predomini de les activitats d'ensenyament tradicionals tant en mestres com en estudiants, lleugerament menys percebudes pels estudiants. Les activitats pràctiques i aplicades en laboratoris i el coneixement de primera mà de la feina tecnocientífica s'han percebut com les activitats més interessants, encara que els seus professors les utilitzaven amb menys freqüència que altres activitats. Les conclusions estan alineades amb l'assoliment d'una gamma d'oportunitats d'aprenentatge variades i innovadores que busquen una forma més atractiva d'ensenyar STEM.El artículo aborda la falta de interés que los estudiantes de educación secundaria muestran hacia las disciplinas académicas de ciencia, tecnología, ingeniería y matemáticas (STEM). Desde el punto de vista pedagógico, el origen de este problema puede estar en gran medida en la forma tradicional en que predominantemente se han enseñado estas materias, es decir, utilizando estrategias expositivas. El objetivo de este artículo es doble: primero, examinar la percepción retrospectiva que los docentes en formación recuerdan sobre las metodologías utilizadas para enseñar las disciplinas STEM, junto con el análisis del valor que estos docentes dan a una serie de actividades innovadoras que se utilizarían para alentar el interés de sus futuros estudiantes. El segundo objetivo fue comparar esas percepciones con la evaluación de una muestra de estudiantes de secundaria sobre las actividades que sus maestros usaban en las disciplinas STEM. Nuestros resultados revelaron el predominio de las actividades de enseñanza tradicionales tanto en maestros como en estudiantes, ligeramente menos percibidas por los estudiantes. Las actividades prácticas y aplicadas en laboratorios y el conocimiento de primera mano del trabajo tecnocientífico se percibieron como las actividades más interesantes, aunque sus profesores las utilizaban con menos frecuencia que otras actividades. Las conclusiones están alineadas con el logro de una gama de oportunidades de aprendizaje variadas e innovadoras que buscan una forma más atractiva de enseñar STEM

The Comparison Study of Short-Term Prediction Methods to Enhance the Model Predictive Controller Applied to Microgrid Energy Management

Electricity load forecasting, optimal power system operation and energy management play key roles that can bring significant operational advantages to microgrids. This paper studies how methods based on time series and neural networks can be used to predict energy demand and production, allowing them to be combined with model predictive control. Comparisons of different prediction methods and different optimum energy distribution scenarios are provided, permitting us to determine when short-term energy prediction models should be used. The proposed prediction models in addition to the model predictive control strategy appear as a promising solution to energy management in microgrids. The controller has the task of performing the management of electricity purchase and sale to the power grid, maximizing the use of renewable energy sources and managing the use of the energy storage system. Simulations were performed with different weather conditions of solar irradiation. The obtained results are encouraging for future practical implementation

Modelling Complex Dynamics and Distributed Generation of Knowledge with Bacterial-Based Algorithms

This study aimed to test that connected and heterogeneous societies with peer-to-peer (P2P) exchanges are more resilient than centralized and homogeneous ones. In agent-based modeling, agents with bounded rationality interact in a common environment guided by local rules, leading to Complex Adaptive Systems that are named 'artificial societies'. These simplified models of human societies grow from the bottom up in computational environments and can be used as a laboratory to test some hypotheses. We have demonstrated that in a model based on free interactions among autonomous agents, optimal results emerge by incrementing diversity and decentralization of communication structures, as much as in real societies Internet is leading to the emergence of improvements in collective intelligence. In order to achieve a real “Knowledge Society”, what we have named a “P2P Society”, it is necessary to increase decentralization and heterogeneity through information policies, distributed communication networks, open e-learning approaches and initiatives like public domain licenses, free software and open data

Critical analysis of the European Union directive which regulates the use of biofuels: An approach to the Spanish case

In recent times, the global debate on the environment has been centered on CO2 emissions. This gas is the major cause of the “greenhouse effect” and people are more concerned with the idea that the emissions of this gas should be minimized. As a result of this concern, the Kyoto Protocol was enacted and subscribed to by many countries, setting the maximum gas emissions for them. Fossil fuels are a major source of CO2 emissions. For some years now The European Union has been seeking to promote some years now the use of biofuels as substitutes for diesel or petrol for transport purposes. As a result of this policy, in 2003 the European Union (EU) Directive 2003/30/EC [1] was developed with the aim of promoting the use of biofuels as a substitute for diesel or gasoline among European Union countries as well as to contribute to fulfilling the commitments acquired on climate change, security of supply in environmentally friendly conditions and the promotion of renewable energy sources. In order to achieve these goals, the directive forces all EU members to ensure that before December 31 of 2010 at least 5.75% of all gasoline and diesel fuels sold for transport purposes are biofuels. European Union countries have social and economic characteristics unique to themselves. The energy dependence on foreign sources, the features of the agricultural sector or the degree of industrialization varies greatly from one country to another. In this context, it is questionable whether the obligation imposed by this directive is actually achieving in its application uniform and/or identical goals in each of the countries involved and whether the actions of the various governments are also aligned with these goals. All these ideas were developed in a previous report (Sobrino and Monroy (2009) [2]). This report examines the possibility of using hydrogen as an alternative to fossil fuels and biofuels from a technical, economic and environmental point of view in the specific case of a European Union country: Spain