Hvordan vil voksnes holdninger til barns kjønnsuttrykk som er motstridende til barnets biologiske kjønn bidra inn i barnets identitetsskaping?

Som barn var jeg ei skikkelig “guttejente”. I mine valg av klær, leker og aktiviteter så var hovedfokuset mitt at det skulle være tøft. Jeg hadde ingen ønske om å være søt eller å være som de andre jentene. Jeg ville gå i shorts, kjøre skateboard, leke med biler og sykkelen min var alltid en motorsykkel og ikke en hest som de andre jentene sine. I mitt hode var det veldig enkelt. Jeg likte det jeg likte, og jeg så ikke noe problem ved det. Som voksen identifiserer jeg meg som skeiv og det var ikke før jeg i voksen alder traff på en fantastisk gutt i barnehagen at jeg begynte å reflektere over min egen barndom. Gutten elsket rosa, ville ha på seg Elsa-kjole og hadde løsflette i håret. Han danser rundt på avdelingen og vakte oppsikt. Jeg husker godt at han fikk mange positive kommentarer fra alle ansatte, men jeg reagerte også på at han fikk i overkant mye oppmerksomhet. Burde vi ikke heller normalisere hans uttrykk enn å sette flombelysning på det? Både de erfaringene jeg gjorde meg som barn og de refleksjonene som ble satt i gang ved møte med gutten i barnehagen, har vært med på å gjøre dette til et tema jeg brenner for. Det har også vært med å forme min problemstilling, som er: Hvordan vil voksnes holdninger til barns kjønnsuttrykk som er motstridende til barnets biologiske kjønn bidra inn i barnets identitetsskaping? Dette er et komplekst spørsmål som krever innsikt og et modent perspektiv på egen identitet og barndom. Av den grunn har jeg valgt å intervjue voksne som hadde et annet kjønnsuttrykk enn sitt biologiske kjønn som barn. Det er ikke bare jeg personlig som lurer på dette, men også meg som gryende pedagog og som ansatt i barnehage. Jeg vil vite hvilken betydning det spiller inn for barnet og dens identitetsprosess hvordan vi, som voksenpersoner i deres liv, møter de på sine uttrykk.publishedVersio

Civil Society Between Populism and Anti-populism

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the activities of civil society formations in the European political environment. It argues that the long-established ethos of inclusionary civil society groups is undergoing a redefinition. Moralized ideational constructs such as "community", "belonging" and "solidarity", which have traditionally been associated with a cosmopolitan, tolerant conception of the role of civil society, are undergoing a process of redefinition. An individualistic, nationalist, exclusionary and socially conservative conception of civil society is emerging. The chapter frames the contrast between rival images of civil society through a movement–counter-movement dynamic, which opposes a populist and an anti-populist bloc. It interprets them with reference to studies of "civil" and "uncivil" society and provides a typology of their roles and values

Front-line practitioners versus received theories of crime and terrorism

This paper provides an analytical summary of the findings of a research project into the activities, the causes of, and responses to, organized crime and terrorism. Based on the views of front-line practitioners such as social workers, teachers, law enforcers and other experts, the paper examines their needs, interpretations, uncertainties and perspectives. It then compares these views with those emerging from previous analyses and research, highlighting the assonances and dissonances that typically crowd these areas of investigation

Lone Actor Terrorist Attack Planning and Preparation: A Data-Driven Analysis

This article provides an in‐depth assessment of lone actor terrorists’ attack planning and preparation. A codebook of 198 variables related to different aspects of pre‐attack behavior is applied to a sample of 55 lone actor terrorists. Data were drawn from open‐source materials and complemented where possible with primary sources. Most lone actors are not highly lethal or surreptitious attackers. They are generally poor at maintaining operational security, leak their motivations and capabilities in numerous ways, and generally do so months and even years before an attack. Moreover, the “loneness” thought to define this type of terrorism is generally absent; most lone actors uphold social ties that are crucial to their adoption and maintenance of the motivation and capability to commit terrorist violence. The results offer concrete input for those working to detect and prevent this form of terrorism and argue for a re‐evaluation of the “lone actor” concept

Terrorists and Targets: - A Relationship Founded on Bad Intentions, Limited Capacities and Risk Willingness

PhD thesis in Risk management and societal safetyThis thesis elaborates on the complex relationship between terrorists and the targets they attack. There are at least three main reasons for the complexity: each case, with the people involved therein, is unique; moreover, many factors may affect terrorist decision-making. Furthermore, most terrorists can choose between a number of targets. Therefore, a comprehensive approach is a prerequisite for research in this area. The starting point here is that terrorists in general must be considered rational actors. I analyse the dynamic interaction between four main components that affect terrorists’ target selection: Ideology, strategy, internal factors (characteristics or capacities possessed by the terrorist actor), and external factors (variables outside the terrorists’ control). This categorisation is sensible for sorting the factors of influence, but in order to identify correlations between variables and arrive at a deeper understanding, casestudy process-tracing has been applied. Situational analysis of plot scenarios and conducted attacks, with a systematic focus on offender(s), target(s) and situational context, also represent an essential part of this work. There are three main objectives for this thesis. I present a generic theoretical and methodological approach for qualitative research on terrorist targeting. I apply the above-mentioned approach to the 22 July 2011 attacks in Norway, tracing the terrorist’s target selection process in detail. I also analyse the targeting preferences of militant Islamists operating in Western Europe from 1994 to 2016. In addition to target types, this study focuses on the terrorists’ casualty focus, soft versus hard target preferences and the degree of target discrimination – all central issues in the context of public security. The two concrete part studies are not comparative, but they exemplify how the generic theoretical and methodological approach can be applied both to single and multiple case studies, on terrorist actors from different ideological directions and on different levels of analysis. A such the two part studies are complementary. Regarding the 22 July 2011 attacks in Norway, Anders Behring Breivik was not the typical lone actor terrorist. The long timeline of his terrorist operation, his hideous strategy, the mass-casualty focus and the brutality demonstrated at Utøya were beyond what most lone actor terrorists could do. His megalomaniac personality influenced several of these factors, but if we leave the aberrant characteristics and skills of Breivik aside, he was quite average in other ways. His background, radicalization process and ideological foundation were not that unusual. Also, his operational phase was not without its flaws. This research shows that even the ruthless terrorist Breivik was affected by an overarching framework and constraints of various kinds. His customised right-wing ideology set the scene. He took both the inner (those responsible for immigration) and the outer enemies (the Muslims) into consideration, but chose to attack the inner enemy. The public rage following a racist killing in 2001 affected his decision. Breivik’s strategy of a massive “shock attack” was related to his narcissistic personality and striving for attention. Moreover, his lack of empathy enabled him to conduct the barbaric actions. Breivik’s decision to act alone, his focus on one political party only, and the fact that he discarded individual assassinations, were also important decisions. Breivik’s limited operational background was compensated for by a high level of motivation, persistence and thoroughness in terms of the bombmaking. The fact that he miscalculated the time needed to find a farm and only managed to make one bomb did, however, affect his plans significantly. Moreover, his financial situation worsened during 2011, and he also made practical mistakes during the operation. Regarding external factors, the terrorist took advantage of a peaceful society. The long process of closing the Grubbegata street in the Government Quarter symbolises how distant the terrorist threat was to different decision-makers at the time. This was exploited by Breivik. He also had the advantage of operating on home ground. Breivik experienced that terrorist operations are dynamic and not fully controllable. He became frustrated and pragmatic, as the Utøya attack proves. The Labour Party and the media represented the most attractive targets for Breivik, but in the end, the media was not attacked. Constraints derailed the terrorist from this part-goal, leading him to attack only the Labour party. It is also a paradox that the shooting attack at Utøya outbid Breivik’s number one priority target – the Government Quarter – regarding the death tolls

Modern Hebrew Conflict and Military Terminology : The Language of the Israel Defense Forces

This thesis is examining Modern Hebrew conflict and military terminology – the language of the Israel Defense Forces (IDF). Described by many Israelis as “a language within the language”, it must necessarily possess an identity of its own through special characteristics. On this basis, the major ambition of this thesis has been to identify the special “fingerprint” of the army speak in Israel – both in regard to technical or grammatical aspects, as well as the practical use of the language. The reader also gets an insight in other various aspects of the language within the military establishment and the security and intelligence community. This includes the current status of the professional language in the armed forces, in regard to efforts made to establish a common strategic, operational and tactical language. The language of the IDF and its predecessors has developed under almost continuous armed conflicts, starting during the first waves of Jewish immigrants over a century ago. The focus on Hebrew education has been strong due to operational factors, but it has also been a central pillar in the civil-military relations for decades. With limited influence from other languages, the language of the IDF has developed characteristics of its own, compared to the daily Hebrew used in the civil society. The major characteristics found are the extensive use of acronyms, a generous use of slang and, to a less degree, the integration of loanwords. Additionally, there are minor factors, like IDF’s traditional use of numbers and naming of military material. This thesis claims that the IDF experienced problems with the implementation of a common professional language in the post-modern period of RMA, EBO and network-centric warfare. A part of the reason is the IDF officer education, their non-academic approach in general and dislike of learning material not found in Hebrew. An imprecise and unclear language has led to poor performance in the field, as in the Second Lebanon war in 2006. Today, the IDF have initiated efforts to meet the problems identified. In some areas, like the use of a clear language when issuing orders and coordination between different arms, there are indicators of improvement. In other areas, like the establishment of a common professional language within the IDF, it is far too early to make conclusions, as it is likely to require continuous efforts over a long period of time

A meta-language for UML concrete graphical syntax

This thesis presents the Graphical Description Language (GDL), a meta-language for the specification of the graphical syntax of the Unified Modeling Language, version 2.0 (UML). Visual languages have properties that cannot be expressed in conventional meta-languages for textual languages. To address these properties, we need to take into account that the symbols of the language most likely does not adhere to a sequential ordering. We therefore need a meta-language with some functionality which is able to address the fact that the symbols of most visual languages have a more or less arbitrary spatial ordering in the plane. The contribution of this thesis is such a meta-language, applicable for UML 2.0. We give an overview of existing research in the field of visual languages and give an analysis of the graphical syntax of UML to highlight the issues a meta-language has to address. We also give a specification of a subset of UML, called Tuml (Tiny UML), to illustrate use of the meta-language. GDL uses the Z Notation as its formal basis. In addition, to address the unique properties of visual languages, we use concepts from topology, geographical information systems theory and previously defined visual language formalisms

Barns rett til utsatt skolestart etter opplæringslova § 2-1 tredje ledd

Utsatt skolestart er et kommunalt vedtak som kan gis til et barn etter opplæringslova § 2-1 tredje ledd i tilfeller der det forutsettes at barnet ikke vil ha nytte av grunnskoleundervisning ved tidspunktet for ordinær skolestart. Ordinær skolestart i Norge er det kalenderåret barnet fyller seks år. Utsatt skolestart går, sammen med det motsatte tilfellet framskutt skolestart, under fellesbetegnelsen «fleksibel skolestart», som beskriver tilfeller der et barns skolestart avviker fra barn født i samme kalenderår. Oppgaven undersøker i hvilken utstrekning barn har rett til å utsette ordinær skolestart ved seksårsalderen etter opplæringslova § 2-1 tredje ledd

Terrorist target selection: The case of Anders Behring Breivik

The 22 July 2011 attacks in Norway offers a rare opportunity to study in detail the factors and circumstances which influenced the decision-making of the lone actor terrorist and the target selection process in particular. The terrorist had more than 65 potential targets that were on his mind, but he included only a third of these in concrete plans, before he ended up attacking only two. Which factors made him dismiss some targets to the benefit of others, and at what time in the selection process did crucial decision-making sequences take place? What were the alternatives he considered? The study will analyse the dynamic interaction between four main components: Ideology defines the overall objectives and the enemy picture, as well as the reasoning and moral reflections that constitute the basic fundament of the actor’s rationality. Strategy is the long-term plan for how the overarching objectives are to be achieved. Furthermore, the decision-making is also influenced by internal factors possessed by the terrorist actor, such as manpower, skills, funding, weapons, psychological make-up, and external factors outside the terrorist’s control, such as counterterrorism efforts, local environment, gun control laws or unexpected events