Lapsen kouluakäymättömyys koko perheen haasteena : Tutkielma perheiden koetusta tuentarpeesta vanhempien näkökulmasta

Tutkin pro gradu -tutkielmassani vanhempien kokemuksia perheen tuentarpeesta liittyen lapsen kouluakäymättömyyteen. Kouluakäymättömyydellä tarkoitetaan lapsen tai nuoren haluttomuutta mennä kouluun. Kouluakäymättömyyden taustalla voi olla monenlaisia asioita, jotka vaikuttavat lapsen tai nuoren haluttomuuteen mennä kouluun. Olen tutkielmassani keskittynyt lapsen toiminnasta lähtöisin olevaan kouluakäymättömyyteen ja sen vaikutuksiin vanhempien näkökulmasta. En tarkastele tässä tutkielmassa kouluakäymättömyyttä, joka on lähtöisin esimerkiksi vanhemman tai koulun toiminnasta. Tutkielmani tutkimuskysymykset ovat: millaisia vaikutuksia lapsen kouluakäymättömyydellä on perheen arkeen vanhemman näkökulmasta sekä millaisia tukitoimia tai palveluita vanhemmat kokevat perheen tarvitsevan lapsen kouluakäymättömyyteen. Vastatakseni tutkimuskysymyksiini haastattelin viittä vanhempaa, joiden lapsilla oli kouluakäymättömyyttä ja olivat olleet mukana Varsinais-Suomen lastensuojelujärjestöt ry:n Kotoa kouluun-hankkeessa. Vanhemmat kuvailivat tutkimuksessa, miten lapsen kouluakäymättömyys näyttäytyy perheen arjessa ja minkälaisia vaikutuksia sillä on arkeen. Tämän lisäksi vanhemmat toivat esille kokemuksiaan erilaisista tukitoimista, joita perheelle oli tarjottu sekä esittivät toiveita tarvittavalle tuelle. Haastatteluaineiston analyysiin hyödynsin laadullista sisällönanalyysiä, jonka avulla muodostin tekstimuotoisesta aineistosta tutkimuskysymyksieni kannalta keskeisiä kategorioita. Tulosteni mukaan lapsen kouluakäymättömyys vaikuttaa laaja-alaisesti koko perheen arkeen niin lapsen kuin vanhemman. Tulosten mukaan kouluakäymättömyys vaikutti vanhemman kuormittuneisuuteen, arjen aikatauluihin sekä perheen sisäisiin vuorovaikutussuhteisiin. Tuloksista on huomattavissa vanhempien erilaisia kuvailuja palvelujärjestelmän onnistumisista sekä epäonnistumisista kouluakäymättömyyden ehkäisyssä sekä perheen tukemisessa. Tuloksissa esille nousevat positiiviset kokemukset liittyivät vanhemman kokemuksiin siitä, että vanhempi oli saanut henkilökohtaista tukea tilanteessa. Negatiiviset kokemukset sen sijaan liittyivät pääsääntöisesti palvelujärjestelmän aiheuttamaan kuormitukseen perheessä. Tutkielmani perusteella voidaan sanoa, että palvelujärjestelmän tulee huomioida enenevässä määrin myös vanhempia, kun työskennellään lapsen kouluakäymättömyyden problematiikan parissa. On yhteiskunnan velvollisuus tuottaa perheiden tuentarvetta vastaavia palveluita ja näitä kyseisiä palveluita voidaan kehittää kuuntelemalla palautetta niiden palveluiden käyttäjiltä. Avainsanat: koulupoissaolot, kouluakäymättömyys, sosiaalityö, palvelujärjestelm

Evaluation of Teat Condition Using Liquid or Powder Dips in Winter

Objective of this study was to compares a 0.5% iodine aqueous teat dip vs 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate powdered teat dip under winter conditions on overall teat end and teat skin condition and health. Under the conditions of this trial there were slight non-significant decreases in teat end condition associated with colder temperatures and temperature changes in both groups, with no differences between groups in TE change. Both groups saw some decreases in teat skin condition with powder dipped teats showing a 2 fold increased hazard of dry teat skin. Results of this trial show teat changes (skin and end condition) associated with cold temperature changes even under ideal (minimal wind) housing and different teat dips. Producers need to realize changes will occur, assess their own farm condition (housing, weather, wind) and be judicious in determining conditions requiring switches to winter dip products and practices

On the Excitation of Double Giant Resonances in Heavy Ion Reactions

The interplay of nuclear and Coulomb processes in the inelastic excitation of single- and double-phonon giant resonances in heavy ion collisions is studied within a simple reaction model. Predominance of the Coulomb excitation mechanism on the population of the single-phonon and, on the contrary, predominance of the nuclear excitation for the double-phonon is evidenced. The effect of the spreading of the strength distribution of the giant resonances on the excitation process is analyzed, showing sizeable modifications in the case of Coulomb dominated processes.Comment: Accepten in Nuclear Physics A. 10 eps figures and source file in an uncompressed tar packag

The Influence of Latent Viral Infection on Rate of Cognitive Decline over 4 Years

To examine whether cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus type-1 (HSV-1) are associated with cognitive decline over a 4-year period and to assess whether C-reactive protein (CRP) modifies these relationships. DESIGN : Prospective cohort study over a 4-year period. SETTING : Community-dwelling elderly population. PARTICIPANTS : The sample was a subset (1,204/1,789) of participants in the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging (SALSA) aged 60 to 100. MEASUREMENTS : Participants were screened annually over a 4-year period for cognitive function and episodic memory. Cognitive function was assessed using the modified Mini-Mental State Examination, and episodic memory was assessed using a word list-learning test of delayed recall. Baseline serum samples were assayed for levels of immunoglobulin G antibodies to CMV and HSV-1 and for levels of CRP. RESULTS : There was a significantly higher rate of cognitive decline over the 4-year period in subjects with the highest CMV antibody levels at baseline than in individuals with the lowest levels (Β=−0.053, standard error =0.018; P =.003), after controlling for age, sex, education, income, and chronic health conditions. There was no association between HSV-1 antibody levels and cognitive decline. CRP did not modify the relationship between viral antibody levels and cognitive decline. CONCLUSION : This is the first study to show that individuals with higher levels of antibody to CMV experience a more-rapid rate of cognitive decline than those with lower levels. Understanding the mechanisms by which CMV influences cognition may aid development of intervention strategies targeting infection, viral reactivation, and immune response over the life course.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/65686/1/j.1532-5415.2006.00796.x.pd

Detection of amyloid beta aggregates in the brain of BALB/c mice after Chlamydia pneumoniae infection

Neuroinflammation, initiated by cerebral infection, is increasingly postulated as an aetiological factor in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated whether Chlamydia pneumoniae (Cpn) infection results in extracellular aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in BALB/c mice. At 1 week post intranasal infection (p.i.), Cpn DNA was detected predominantly in the olfactory bulbs by PCR, whereas brains at 1 and 3 months p.i. were Cpn negative. At 1 and 3 months p.i., extracellular Aβ immunoreactivity was detected in the brain of Cpn-infected mice but also in the brain of mock-infected mice and mice that were neither Cpn infected nor mock infected. However, these extracellular Aβ aggregates showed morphological differences compared to extracellular Aβ aggregates detected in the brain of transgenic APP751SL/PS1M146L mice. These data do not unequivocally support the hypothesis that Cpn infection induces the formation of AD-like Aβ plaques in the brain of BALB/c mice, as suggested before. However, future studies are required to resolve these differences and to investigate whether Cpn is indeed an etiological factor in AD pathogenesis

Antivirals Reduce the Formation of Key Alzheimer's Disease Molecules in Cell Cultures Acutely Infected with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1

Alzheimer's disease (AD) afflicts around 20 million people worldwide and so there is an urgent need for effective treatment. Our research showing that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) is a risk factor for AD for the brains of people who possess a specific genetic factor and that the virus causes accumulation of key AD proteins (β-amyloid (Aβ) and abnormally phosphorylated tau (P-tau)), suggests that anti-HSV1 antiviral agents might slow AD progression. However, currently available antiviral agents target HSV1 DNA replication and so might be successful in AD only if Aβ and P-tau accumulation depend on viral DNA replication. Therefore, we investigated firstly the stage(s) of the virus replication cycle required for Aβ and P-tau accumulation, and secondly whether antiviral agents prevent these changes using recombinant strains of HSV1 that progress only partly through the replication cycle and antiviral agents that inhibit HSV1 DNA replication. By quantitative immunocytochemistry we demonstrated that entry, fusion and uncoating of HSV1, are insufficient to induce Aβ and P-tau production. We showed also that none of the “immediate early” viral proteins is directly responsible, and that Aβ and P-tau are produced at a subsequent stage of the HSV1 replication cycle. Importantly, the anti-HSV1 antiviral agents acyclovir, penciclovir and foscarnet reduced Aβ and P-tau accumulation, as well as HSV1, with foscarnet being less effective in each case. P-tau accumulation was found to depend on HSV1 DNA replication, whereas Aβ accumulation was not. The antiviral-induced decrease in Aβ is attributable to the reduced number of new viruses, and hence the reduction in viral spread. Since antiviral agents reduce greatly Aβ and P-tau accumulation in HSV1-infected cells, they would be suitable for treating AD with great advantage unlike current AD therapies, only the virus, not the host cell, would be targeted

High-Coverage Whole-Exome Sequencing Identifies Candidate Genes for Suicide in Victims with Major Depressive Disorder

We carried out whole-exome ultra-high throughput sequencing in brain samples of suicide victims who had suffered from major depressive disorder and control subjects who had died from other causes. This study aimed to reveal the selective accumulation of rare variants in the coding and the UTR sequences within the genes of suicide victims. We also analysed the potential effect of STR and CNV variations, as well as the infection of the brain with neurovirulent viruses in this behavioural disorder. As a result, we have identified several candidate genes, among others three calcium channel genes that may potentially contribute to completed suicide. We also explored the potential implication of the TGF-β signalling pathway in the pathogenesis of suicidal behaviour. To our best knowledge, this is the first study that uses whole-exome sequencing for the investigation of suicide

Öffentlichkeitsarbeit an Erziehungs- und Familienberatungsstellen - eine bundesweite Umfrage

1984 hatte der Autor während der "Wissenschaftlichen Jahrestagung" der Bundeskonferenz für Erziehungsberatung (BKfE) in Freiburg im Rahmen einer Arbeitsgruppe ein Referat über die „lokale Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der Familienberatungsstelle des Landkreises Freudenstadt" gehalten. Daraus ergab sich die Frage, wie andere Beratungsstellen Öffentlichkeitsarbeit betreiben und welchen Stellenwert sie der Öffentlichkeitsarbeit derzeit beimessen. Eine bundesweite Befragung aller Erziehungs- und Familienberatungsstellen (außer den Neben- und Außenstellen) sollte darüber Aufschluß geben. 630 Stellen wurden angeschrieben, 320 Beratungsstellen sandten den Fragebogen zurück. Die Ergebnisse der Erhebung werden im einzelnen kurz angesprochen. Fazit der Umfrage: Das Interesse an Öffentlichkeitsarbeit ist in der Bundesrepublik gewachsen und kommt in der Forderung nach mehr Praxisnähe und alltagsbezogenen Aktivitäten der Beratungsstellen zum Ausdruck. (DIPF/Orig.

Advances in Fast Atom Bombardment Mass-Spectrometry (Glycosphingolipids, Nucleotides, Markers, Negative Ion)

180 p.Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1986.The capabilities and limitations of the recently introduced technique of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry were explored. A comparison of fast atom bombardment and field desorption mass spectrometry was made to determine relative sensitivity and applicability. A series of glycosphingolipids and a series of protected oligonucleotides of known structure were analyzed to ascertain the potential utility of fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry in the structural elucidation of novel compounds in these classes. Negative ion mass markers, necessary for accurate mass measurements of the aforementioned classes of compounds and in newly proposed scanning accurate mass measurement methods, were also developed.Fast atom bombardment was found to be one-to-two orders of magnitude more sensitive than field desorption based on the analysis of a limited number of compounds from several classes. Superior sensitivity was not universal and field desorption was clearly better in certain cases. In the negative ion mode in particular, fast atom bombardment was found to be a useful tool for the determination of the primary structure of glycosphingolipids and oligonucleotides. Carbohydrate sequence and branching information, and fatty acid and lipid base composition were readily obtained from the mass spectra of glycosphingolipids while bidirectional nucleotide sequence, nucleotide base, and protecting group assignments were obtained for oligonucleotides. Based on this knowledge, a tentative structure of a human peripheral nervous system glycosphingolipid implicated in certain cases of disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Lou Gehrig's Disease, was proposed. Suitable negative ion mass markers were found in dispersions of poly(ethylene) and poly(propylene) glycols in a triethylenetetramine matrix, a matrix which also proved useful in the analysis of glycosphingolipids. These polyglycol dispersions provided ions for calibration to 2300 daltons.U of I OnlyRestricted to the U of I community idenfinitely during batch ingest of legacy ETD